Railway ground vibrations induced by wheel and rail singular defects

Railway local irregularities are a growing source of ground-borne vibration and can cause negative environmental impacts, particularly in urban areas. Therefore, this paper analyses the effect of railway track singular defects (discontinuities) on ground vibration generation and propagation. A vehicle/track/soil numerical railway model is presented, capable of accurately predicting vibration levels. The prediction model is composed of a multibody vehicle model, a flexible track model and a finite/infinite element soil model. Firstly, analysis is undertaken to assess the ability of wheel/rail contact models to accurately simulate the force generation at the wheel/rail contact, in the presence of a singular defect. It is found that, although linear contact models are sufficient for modelling ground vibration on smooth tracks, when singular defects are present higher accuracy wheel/rail models are required. Furthermore, it is found that the variation in wheel/rail force during the singular defect contact depends on the track flexibility, and thus requires a fully coupled vehicle/track/foundation model. Next, a parametric study of ground vibrations generated by singular rail and wheel defects is undertaken. Six shapes of discontinuity are modelled, representing various defect types such as transition zones, switches, crossings, rail joints and wheel flats. The vehicle is modelled as an AM96 train set and it is found that ground vibration levels are highly sensitive to defect height, length and shape.     

Research into the problem of wheel tread spalling caused by wheelset longitudinal vibration

This study mainly focuses on the mechanism of wheel tread spalling through wheelset longitudinal vibration that has been often neglected. Analysis of two actual cases of the wheel tread spalling problem leads to the conclusion that the wheel tread spalling is closely related to the wheelset longitudinal vibration in some locomotives, and many of these problems can be reasonably explained if the wheelset longitudinal vibration is considered. For better understanding of some abnormal wheel spalling problems, the formations of the wheelset longitudinal vibration and the wheel/rail contact parameters were analysed in the initial wheel tread spalling. With the preliminary analytical results, the wheelset longitudinal dynamic behaviour, the characteristics of wheel/rail contact and the mechanics in the condition of the wheelset longitudinal vibration were further studied quantitatively. The results showed that the wheelset longitudinal vibration changed not only the limit of these parameters and the position of principal stress, but also the direction of the principal stress on the surface of wheel/rail contact patch. It is likely that the significant stress changes provoke too much stress on the surface of wheel/rail contact patch, cause fatigue in wheel/rail contact patch and eventually lead to wheel tread spalling. The results of these studies suggest that the suppression of the wheelset longitudinal vibration extends wheel/rail life and the addition of a vertical damper with an ahead angle provides a possible solution to the wheel spalling problem.     

城市轻轨车辆及其相关技术的发展

从轻轨车辆总体结构、走行部及电传动等方面详细介绍了城市轻轨车辆的发展情况,其中包括低地板、独立旋转车轮和变流器等技术。同时介绍当前国外城市轻轨车辆的主要应用模式,分析未来城市轻轨车辆的发展趋势。     

线路道岔轨下刚度改变对轮轨动力性能影响研究

运用车辆-轨道耦合动力学理论,通过建立轨道道岔垂向几何及刚度不平顺激扰车辆模型,模拟计算了列车与道岔线路的相互作用。详细比较了在不同速度下,道岔轨下弹性改变前后列车对道岔的动力作用性能,并进行了试验验证。结果表明:道岔轨下增加弹性以后可大大减轻列车通过道岔时轮/轨垂向相互作用,有效地改善道岔线路和车辆的动力性能,提高设备的安全和使用寿命。     

国外独立轮转向架的研究和发展

介绍了欧洲和美、日等国独立轮转向架的研究和发展情况。理论和试验研究表明,独立轮转向架无论是蛇行运动稳定性还是曲线通过性能,比传统转向架都有一定的优势,而且噪声低,轮轨磨耗少。阐述了只要解决好直线上的车轮横向复原和曲线上的车轮导向等问题,独立轮转向架技术具有较好的市场前景。     

铁路车轮外形曲线数字测量仪的研究

通过对采用二连杆串联机构的便携式车轮外形数字测量仪的研究,发现该测量仪的2个零位角度安装误差将分别导致测量结果的方位和形状误差。为此,笔者提出了一种借助2种姿态测量同一段曲线,使2个结果重合,以辨识2个活动杆夹角零位误差的标定方法,试验结果证明了其有效性。以二连杆机构外形测量仪研究为基础,笔者进一步提出了基于平面五连杆并联机构的测量仪新方案,并建立了测量模型;对角度分辨率导致的测量误差的对比仿真表明,新方案有较高的精度,同时讨论了用偏置角度和增加采样率提高测量准确度的方法。     

Influence of the track quality and of the properties of the wheel–rail rolling contact on vehicle dynamics

This work describes an analytical approach to determine what degree of accuracy is required in the definition of the rail vehicle models used for dynamic simulations. This way it would be possible to know in advance how the results of simulations may be altered due to the existence of errors in the creation of rolling stock models, whilst also identifying their critical parameters. This would make it possible to maximise the time available to enhance dynamic analysis and focus efforts on factors that are strictly necessary. In particular, the parameters related both to the track quality and to the rolling contact were considered in this study. With this aim, a sensitivity analysis was performed to assess their influence on the vehicle dynamic behaviour. To do this, 72 dynamic simulations were performed modifying, one at a time, the track quality, the wheel–rail friction coefficient and the equivalent conicity of both new and worn wheels. Three values were assigned to each parameter, and two wear states were considered for each type of wheel, one for new wheels and another one for reprofiled wheels. After processing the results of these simulations, it was concluded that all the parameters considered show very high influence, though the friction coefficient shows the highest influence. Therefore, it is recommended to undertake any future simulation job with measured track geometry and track irregularities, measured wheel profiles and normative values of the wheel–rail friction coefficient.     

钢桥面板弧形切口疲劳裂纹切割修复与优化

对正交异性钢桥面板的弧形切口进行疲劳修复时，切割孔形的优劣决定了疲劳修复效果。以检查到较多弧形切口疲劳病害的钢桥面板为研究对象，采用有限元和结构力流法分析了弧形切口处应力集中的原因。结合4种修复方案对切割孔形的圆弧半径、直线长度和倾角进行参数优化，得到了切割孔形对峰值应力的影响规律。依托钢桥面板弧形切口疲劳裂纹切割、修复工程，选择切割前、后的弧形切口开展试验研究。采用试验车进行纵向和横向移动加载，测试了2片横隔板弧形切口断面和侧面的应力分布规律和轮载位置-应力变化关系，并采用修正名义应力法近似评估其疲劳寿命。研究结果表明：轮载产生的力流通过U肋以剪应力的形式传递给横隔板，力流扩散中遇到弧形切口的阻碍，导致切口处力流高度密集；弧形切口开孔尺寸宜小，开孔半径宜大，避免阻碍力流传递路径；弧形切口优化后，其峰值应力降低58.4%，考虑横向概率分布的等效应力降低55.2%；因增大弧形切口的开孔而削弱截面面积，导致横隔板的平均压应力稍有增大；基于有限元计算和试验测试的峰值应力进行疲劳寿命预测，修复前的疲劳寿命分别为3.8年和7.2年，修复后的寿命分别为58.5年和184.4年，说明此切割修复方法具有良好的加固效果。     

2B0动力车踏面外形对悬挂参数选配的影响

利用多刚体动力学软件SIMPACK,对锥形或磨耗形踏面的某2B0动力车进行了随机不平顺非线性时域响应分析,结果表明:该动力车仅按锥形踏面配置的抗蛇行减振器不利于踏面磨耗后的稳定性;新轮直接采用磨耗外形的动力车容易实现更高的稳定性。该动力车的横向平稳性对踏面外形比较敏感,垂向平稳性不敏感;对于不同踏面外形,二系横向减振器和一系、二系垂向减振器的卸荷特性对动力车平稳性影响的规律相似。合适的二系横向止挡间隙是保证良好动态曲线通过性能的一个重要因素。