Online channel strategies under different offline channel power structures for the Belt and Road of China

ABSTRACT

This paper explores the online channel strategies adopted by Chinese manufacturers with regard to the Belt and Road. It also investigates the effect of offline channel power structures and maritime transportation costs on online channel mode selection and pricing strategies. The offline channel power structures are classified into three types, namely, Chinese manufacturer Stackelberg (MS) structure, vertical Nash (VN) structure, and foreign retailer Stackelberg (RS) structure. Furthermore, a game model is developed among the Chinese manufacturer, foreign retailer, and cross-border e-tailer to investigate the interactions among offline channel power structures, maritime transportation costs, and Chinese manufacturers’ online channel mode selection. The results show that Chinese manufacturers’ preferences for the online agency selling mode increases correspondingly with the decrease in their market position and bargaining power. Moreover, foreign retailers can obtain higher profits in the online agency selling mode under the VN structure. However, the level of profit for foreign retailers depends on the intensity of their competition with cross-border e-tailers under the MS and RS structures. Finally, consumers in countries along the Belt and Road can obtain a higher surplus in the online agency selling mode under all of the structures.     

城市轨道交通项目建设条件指标研究

针对申报建设城市轨道交通的项目,系统研究高峰小时单向最大断面客流量、线路各期客运强度、规划建设期内地方政府资本金出资额占地方一般预算财政收入的比例以及全部出资额占城市维护建设财政性资金的比例等4个项目建设条件指标,为我国城市轨道交通近期建设规划、近期项目比选上报和评估提供参考依据。     

轨道交通无线通信系统的引入与场强覆盖分析

无线通信不仅应满足城市轨道交通内部专用运营管理和业务需求,而且应提供公共移动通信服务,方便人民群众。那么,除了必须设置专用无线通信系统外,如何引入民用无线通信系统、如何避免相互影响以及系统设备共用等问题的解决,将保证无线通信质量的要求,避免无线通信系统的无序、重复建设和浪费资源。     

轨道交通供电系统功率因数分析及补偿方案研究

研究目的:近年来我国轨道交通建设事业迅猛发展,但功率因数问题一直是困扰轨道交通供电系统的重要问题,常常导致电力部门的高额罚款。为提高功率因数,需对无功补偿方案进行研究。在分析国内城市轨道交通供电系统无功补偿现状的基础上,通过对整个供电系统综合功率因数的分析计算,研究几种无功补偿方案,并最终确定一种新的综合无功补偿方案。研究结论:城市轨道交通线路的无功补偿方案应根据自身供电系统的实际情况,并通过综合功率因数分析计算或实测分析,来综合考虑采用高压、低压侧相结合的无功补偿方案;在条件允许时,建议采用主所设SVG+各车站变电所0.4 kV侧设APF的综合补偿方案。     

中国海员外派公司如何应对2006国际海事劳工公约

通过对2006国际海事劳工公约的研究,结合中国海员外派出现的问题,明确中国海员外派公司的工作任务,对中国海员外派公司日常管理体系的改善提出几点可行措施,最后针对2006国际海事劳工公约,对相关管理机构提出几点建议。     

The effect of crowding on public transit user travel behavior in a large-scale public transportation system through modeling daily variations

In this paper, the crowding effect in a transit vehicle is modeled in a time-expanded network that considers the daily variation in passenger flows. The study models the daily variation of in-vehicle crowding in a real large-scale transit system. A transit assignment for this real network is modeled and implemented by constructing a crowding cost function that follows the valuation of crowding and by using the reliable shortest path finding method. The direct application of the crowding model to a real network for the Utah Transit Authority indicates that crowd modeling with multi-user classes could influence public transportation system planning and affect the revenues of transit agencies. Moreover, the addition of the disutility factor, crowding, does not always appear to cause an increase in disutility for transit users.     

伦敦的公交优先政策及启示

通过对比分析的方法,将伦敦曾经面临过的与国内大中城市正面临的城市交通问题进行对比,研究了英国交通发展的历史,伦敦公交发展现状,着重研究了伦敦公交优先政策实施的主要措施.提出,公交优先是多种公共交通模式并存的优先发展,实现公交优先,需要整合各种交通基础设施,并将城市用地、交通需求管理和可持续性的公共交通三者结合起来共同考虑.最后,对提升现有常规公交的服务水平提出了5点具体建议.     

Identifying transit deserts for low-income commuters in Wuhan Metropolitan Area,China

The rapid expansion of many Chinese cities has put increasing pressure on existing urban transportation systems. Using Baidu users’ location data, this research analyzes the spatial patterns of the transit systems and commuter flows in Wuhan Metropolitan Area, China, and identifies transit deserts affecting low-income commuters. The results show that, first, most transit demand are generated by trips between neighboring communities, while large transit supply tends to occur between distant communities in the region. Second, about 11.21% of low-income commuters are affected by transit deserts in Wuhan Metropolitan Area. In detail, 61.30% of them commute within the city centers and 36.06% of them commute within the suburbs. Only about 2.64% of them actually travel between city centers and suburbs. Third, for low-income suburban commuters, transit deserts occur when they are surrounded by low-density transit infrastructure and low-frequency transit services, which makes it very difficult for them to connect to rest of the region. However, for low-income commuters residing in the city centers, transit deserts are mainly caused by the large numbers of transit-dependent people competing for limited transit supply in the areas. This research explores the relationship between transit systems and commuting demand in a major Chinese metropolitan area. The findings could help guide future transit system planning in China and beyond.     

Drivers of transit service loyalty considering heterogeneity between user segments

Users’ loyalty to public transit service is fundamental to promote its popularity in the transportation market. A four-step analytical framework is advanced to investigate the importance of service attributes that heterogeneous transit user segments place on their public transit service loyalty, measured in terms of overall satisfaction and re-use intention. Critical service attributes perceived by transit users that are relevant for loyalty enhancement are explicitly determined, which vary between user segments. It is suggested that the design of strategies aimed to promote the use of public transit by increasing user loyalty towards transit service be targeted at specific attributes that contribute most to loyalty and specific user segments whose original loyalty level is significantly different to others.     

Effects of the Los Angeles transit strike on highway congestion

In this paper we investigate the effect of the Los Angeles transit strike on highway congestion through analysis of highway sensor data, using both a before-and-after comparison, and a control group comparison. We found that average 5:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. traffic speeds declined by as much as 20% during the strike, and the average length of the rush period increased by as much as 200%, even though increases in traffic were small, despite the fact that transit riders constitute a small fraction of the traveling population. Speeds declined the most at locations upstream from the places where queues normally end. We believe that highways are especially susceptible to congestion during strikes because travelers have little opportunity to adjust and equilibrate their travel patterns, as is possible during ordinary periods of traffic growth.