《国际船舶压载水和沉积物控制与管理公约》履约对策研究

《国际船舶压载水和沉积物控制与管理公约》的即将生效实施将有效地控制和防止船舶压载水传播有害水生物和病原体。文中论述了公约的主要内容和特点,并就公约对我国产生的主要影响进行分析,最后提出相应的履约对策及建议。     

A study on high-speed rolling contact between a wheel and a contaminated rail

A 3-D explicit finite element model is developed to investigate the transient wheel–rail rolling contact in the presence of rail contamination or short low adhesion zones (LAZs). A transient analysis is required because the wheel passes by a short LAZ very quickly, especially at high speeds. A surface-to-surface contact algorithm (by the penalty method) is employed to solve the frictional rolling contact between the wheel and the rail meshed by solid elements. The LAZ is simulated by a varying coefficient of friction along the rail. Different traction efforts and action of the traction control system triggered by the LAZ are simulated by applying a time-dependent driving torque to the wheel axle. Structural flexibilities of the vehicle–track system are considered properly. Analysis focuses on the contact forces, creepage, contact stresses and the derived frictional work and plastic deformation. It is found that the longitudinal contact force and the maximum surface shear stress in the contact patch become obviously lower in the LAZ and much higher as the wheel re-enters the dry rail section. Consequently, a higher wear rate and larger plastic flow are expected at the location where the dry contact starts to be rebuilt. In other words, contact surface damages such as wheel flats and rail burns may come into being because of the LAZ. Length of the LAZ, the traction level, etc. are varied. The results also show that local contact surface damages may still occur as the traction control system acts.     

赤峰市元宝山区中心城区环境空气质量现状及污染防治对策

通过赤峰市某城区的空气质量的长期检测,分析了近几年大气中主要污染物浓度的变化分析,阐明形成污染的原因,提出污染防治对策。     

某型船锁气室通风量设计研究

文章通过模型试验结合工程分析的方法,提出一套对锁气室风量设计优化选择的流程。建立1∶1的锁气室模型,对不同风量下污染物变化情况进行试验,初步获得各风量下浓度变化情况。在试验的数据基础上,结合工程实际情况,从造价因素、安装因素和人员流动三个方面进行分析,选择实船适用的风量。     

Mathematical model for optimising the sequence for clearing snow from the manoeuvring area during winter operations

This article considers the optimisation of the sequence for clearing snow from stretches of the manoeuvring area of an airport. This issue involves the optimisation of limited resources to remove snow from taxiways and runways thereby leaving them in an acceptable condition for operating aircraft. The airfield is divided into subsets of significant stretches for the purpose of operations and target times are established during which these are open to aircraft traffic. The document contains several mathematical models each with different functions, such as the end time of the process, the sum of the end times of each stretch and gap between the estimated and the real end times. During this process, we introduce different operating restrictions on partial fulfilment of the operational targets as applied to zones of special interest, or relating to the operation of the snow‐clearing machines. The problem is solved by optimisation based on linear programming. The article gives the results of the computational tests carried out on five distinct models of the manoeuvring area, which cover increasingly complex situations and larger areas. The mathematical model is particularised for the case of the manoeuvring area of Adolfo Suarez Madrid—Barajas Airport. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Highlights
• Optimal sequence for clearing snow from the manoeuvring area of an airport.
• Contains optimising algorithms solved using CPLEX LP‐based tree search.
• Restrictions on partial fulfilment of operational targets applied to subsets of significant stretches, used for planning the operation of snow‐clearing machines.
• Model applied to the case of the manoeuvring area of Adolfo Suárez Madrid Barajas Airport.
• Conclusions are given on the results of the computational tests carried out. There are five models of the manoeuvring area which cover increasingly complex situations and larger areas.

     

高速公路隧道洞口气流流态的有限元分析

若公路隧道是小净距隧道,通风时相邻隧道排出的污染空气会被吸进邻近的隧道中而产生交叉污染。应用计算流体动力学（CFD）技术对高速公路上下行隧道进出口处气体流态进行分析,判断在洞口区域是否产生污染气体的交叉感染,并提出如何避免交叉感染的相关措施。     

Transport of radionuclides by sea-ice and dense-water formed in western Kara Sea flaw leads

A transport assessment of particle-bound and dissolved artificial radionuclides (¹³⁷Cs and ^239,240Pu) by sea-ice and dense-water formed in western Kara Sea flaw leads close to the Novaya Zemlya dumping sites is presented in this study. We both performed a “best estimate” based on available data, and a “maximum assessment” relying on simulated constant releases of 1 TBq ¹³⁷Cs and ^239,240Pu from individual dumping bays. The estimates are based on a combination of (i) the content of particulate matter in sea-ice; (ii) analytical data and numerical simulations of radionuclide concentrations in shelf surface deposits, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and the dissolved phase; and (iii) estimates of lead-ice and dense-water formation rates as well as modeling results of local ice drift pathways. In the “best estimate” case, 2.90 GBq ¹³⁷Cs and 0.51 GBq ^239,240Pu attached to sea-ice sediments can be exported from the lead areas toward the central Arctic basin. The radionuclide burden of the annually formed dense lead water in the “best estimate” amounts to 4.68 TBq ¹³⁷Cs and 0.014 TBq ^239,240Pu. In the “maximum assessment”, potential export-rates of ice-particle bound ¹³⁷Cs and ^239,240Pu toward the central Arctic would amount to 0.64 and 0.16 TBq, respectively. As much as ≈900 TBq ¹³⁷Cs and ≈6.75 TBq ^239,240Pu could be annually taken up by 34.75 dense-water rejected in the lead area. Assuming the (unlikely) instantaneous release of the total ¹³⁷Cs and ^239,240Pu inventories (≈1 PBq and 10 TBq, respectively) from the Novaya Zemlya dumping sites into the dissolved phase, the dense lead water locally formed during one winter season could take up ≈90% of the Cs and ≈68% of the Pu released.     

铁路腕臂绝缘子污秽外绝缘状态评估方法研究

为了合理评估电气化铁路绝缘子的外绝缘状态,改进铁路绝缘子污闪预防措施,以电气化铁路腕臂绝缘子为研究对象,利用人工污秽试验方法,研究绝缘子在不同污秽度条件下的染污放电过程。通过监测染污腕臂绝缘子受潮期间的泄漏电流,提取出泄漏电流最大值I_h,依据I_h与污秽度和受潮程度的关联,建立I_h与试品闪络电压Uf的联系。在此基础上,综合考虑腕臂绝缘子的形状系数f和爬电距离L引入综合特征量I*,并提出形如U_f=a I~(*-b)的污闪预警模型。试验研究发现:对于不同结构参数的腕臂类绝缘子,由于放电特性接近,预警模型U_f=a I(*-b)具有一定的普适性,模型预测结果与实测结果吻合良好,且系数a、b可作常数处理;但是,当试验对象为输电线路用悬式绝缘子XWP2-160时,由于XWP2-160型绝缘子和腕臂绝缘子的结构有显著差异,导致两者的染污放电特征迥异,系数a、b要以变量对待。研究认为:对于外形结构接近的染污绝缘子,模型U_f=a I(*-b)能够有效预测该类绝缘子的闪络电压,并能以此评价绝缘子的外绝缘状态。本文相关结论适用于电气化铁路腕臂类绝缘子,对于绝缘子的日常维护工作有指导参考意义。     

沙尘环境下复合绝缘子表面积污特性的仿真

文中着眼于沙尘环境下复合绝缘子的积污特性的研究，基于Fluent仿真平台的仿真计算和依托沙尘暴模拟系统的模拟试验，将研究结果进行对比，可为沙尘暴环境下复合绝缘子的选型使用、优化设计、运行维护等提供前期预研和开拓经验，且在研究方法上也首次采用仿真的方式，有重大的借鉴意义及实用价值。     

压路机液压系统污染问题探讨

压路机污染物主要来源于污染物入侵系统和维护保养不当.评定污染度有三种方法.我国等效采用IS04406污染物等级标准.在控制污染方面,主机生产厂家和用户均应采取相应措施.