城际轨道交通车辆空调通风系统的数值仿真研究

基于某型号城际轨道交通车辆头车建立客室及空调通风系统风道的三维几何模型,采用多面体网格离散计算域和流量进出口边界,将SIMPLE算法与Realizable k-ε湍流模型相结合,进行送风道的仿真优化及试验验证,以完成客室空间三维全流场仿真计算。研究表明,合适开孔率的孔板通过调节孔板位置对调节送风均匀性效果显著。通过对客室空间气流组织分布以及典型截面压力场和温度场的仿真分析表明,头车客室空间内的流场及温度场分布整体较均匀,满足工程设计要求。     

城市轨道交通工程投资控制主要因素分析

近几年来,各大中城市为缓解交通拥堵问题,纷纷申报计划加大轨道交通建设力度。轨道交通建设一次性投资大、建设周期长、运营和管理成本高,为有效控制建设规模和投资,对轨道交通工程造价构成进行分析。通过分析提出控制工程造价的5个方面的主要因素和措施,即搞好轨道交通线网规划、注重资源共享,科学合理地确定线路敷设方式,合理确定车站结构与规模,选择最优施工方法,采用国产机电设备,降低工程造价。希望能对有效控制工程投资起到应有的借鉴作用。     

Neighborhood services,trip purpose,and tour-based travel

Communities are increasingly looking to land use planning strategies to reduce drive-alone travel. Many planning efforts aim to develop neighborhoods with higher levels of accessibility that will allow residents to shop closer to home and drive fewer miles. To better understand how accessible land use patterns relate to household travel behavior, this paper is divided into three sections. The first section describes the typical range of services available in areas with high neighborhood accessibility. It explains how trip-based travel analysis is limited because it does not consider the linked (chained) nature of most travel. The second section describes a framework that provides a more behavioral understanding of household travel. This framework highlights travel tours, the sequence of trips that begin and end at home, as the basic unit of analysis. The paper offers a typology of travel tours to account for different travel purposes; by doing so, this typology helps understand tours relative to the range of services typically offered in accessible neighborhoods. The final section empirically analyzes relationships between tour type and neighborhood access using detailed travel data from the Central Puget Sound region (Seattle, Washington). Households living in areas with higher levels of neighborhood access are found to complete more tours and make fewer stops per tour. They make more simple tours (out and back) for work and maintenance (personal, appointment, and shopping) trip purposes but there is no difference in the frequency of other types of tours. While they travel shorter distances for maintenance-type errands, a large portion of their maintenance travel is still pursued outside the neighborhood. These findings suggest that while higher levels of neighborhood access influences travel tours, it does not spur households to complete the bulk of their errands close to home.     

CM模式在我国城市轨道交通项目管理中的应用

为探索城市轨道交通建设项目管理模式,本文在揭示了目前城市轨道工程特点及存在主要矛盾的基础上,介绍了新型CM建设管理模式的特征和优点;分析了在我国城市轨道交通建设领域采用CM模式的必要性和可行性,提出了推行CM模式的相应方案和步骤。     

Performance Evaluation of Hybrid-Drive Buses and Potential Fuel Savings in Brazilian Urban Transit

Transporting more than 55 million passengers per day, buses are the main transit mode in Brazil. Most of these vehicles use diesel oil and this situation causes dependence on oil, extensive greenhouse gas emissions and increasing air pollution in urban areas. In order to improve this situation the options for Brazilian cities include the use of alternative fuels and new propulsion technologies, such as hybrid vehicles. This article proposes a procedure for evaluating the performance of a recently developed Brazilian hybrid-drive technology. A simple procedure is presented to compare hybrid-drive buses with conventional diesel buses in urban operation focusing on fuel economy and the potential for reducing diesel oil consumption through the use of hybrid-drive buses. Field tests carried out by the authors indicate that fuel consumption improvement through the use of hybrid-drive buses would certainly exceed 20%, resulting in lower fuel costs and reduced carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions.     

The effects of federal transit subsidy policy on investment decisions: The case of San Francisco's Geary Corridor

In the United States, federal funding for public transit often accounts for a large proportion of a local agency's budget, especially for capital investments. For this reason, local governments can be expected to plan a portfolio of projects that maximize federal contributions. This study examines the financial effects of federal transit subsidy policy on local transit investment decisions. Data from a System Planning Study for the Geary Corridor in San Francisco are used as an illustration. It is found that federal transit subsidy policy provides financial incentives for local decision-makers to select capital-intensive investment options that may not be efficient or effective. While federal financial incentives are not the only factor influencing local investment decisions, some reform of the current subsidy policy may be necessary to reduce the incentive for ineffective use of public resources.     

利用公交通行能力解决公交问题的探讨

分析我国公交的发展,指出在我国发展公交的道路上缺乏对公交通行能力这一重要指标的思考,提出研究公交通行能力来解决我国公交运营中存在的问题,并建立公交(包括公交车辆和公交乘客)通行能力模型。然后以北京中关村大街的公交专用道为实例,从公交通行能力方面分析该段道路公交车拥堵、混乱产生的原因,然后根据实际情况提出解决措施。     

基于火场信息的地铁车站智能疏散技术研究

火灾是城市轨道交通车站内影响最为严重的事故之一,科学合理的安全疏散方案是突发火灾时确保乘客出行安全的重要保障。然而,目前地铁车站火灾疏散方案中的疏散路线难以根据火场情况动态调整。针对地铁车站疏散路径固定单一的弊端,基于地铁车站内的监控系统,利用计算机视觉技术识别人员分布信息和火灾发生位置,建立空间拓扑模型,利用改进的蚁群算法规划出耗时最短且转弯次数较少的疏散路线,实现站内乘客更科学高效的疏散,最后通过3个场景的案例应用验证本文所提疏散方法的有效性。     

基于“湖仓一体”技术的城轨大数据平台设计与升级改造实践

为了探寻城市轨道交通行业大数据平台建设与升级改造的最优方案,本文以城轨大数据平台为研究对象,从城轨大数据平台发展历程出发,梳理城轨大数据平台发展的3个阶段,分析各阶段大数据平台所采用的技术与优缺点,重点总结当前阶段“湖仓一体”大数据技术所具备的湖仓一体、流批一体、OLTP+OLAP、多重负载等优点,研究了基于该技术的大数据平台架构升级改造设计要点,并将该技术在北京地铁数据中心的大数据平台升级改造中进行应用验证。结果表明：“湖仓一体”大数据平台技术兼具数据湖的低成本、数据仓库的高性能等优点,解决了原大数据平台在性能、容量与多用途支持上的不足,为城轨行业大数据平台建设与升级改造提供了新的解决思路。     

城市轨道交通既有线改造技术标准研究

既有线改造是我国城市轨道交通未来实现高质量、可持续发展的重要的长期任务,而技术标准是城市轨道交通既有线改造工程立项、设计与实施的重要依据。梳理城市轨道交通技术标准体系现状,分析现行标准对城市轨道交通既有线改造项目工作流程各环节的适应性。针对当前城市轨道交通标准体系下现行标准对既有线改造存在覆盖面不全、适用性不足、针对性不强的问题,提出城市轨道交通既有线改造技术标准体系构建的两种思路与方案,以及标准体系建设与标准制定的原则。围绕改造判定要求、改造设计要求、改造施工要求、验收与运营前安全评估要求、后评价要求等方面对城市轨道交通既有线改造技术标准编制的重点进行探讨。