生命周期评价(LCA)在美国公路工程中的应用

生命周期评价方法已成为一种评估路面建设和使用过程中能源消耗和温室气体排放的有效手段.该文介绍生命周期评价方法的理论体系,以生命周期评价方法在公路工程中的研究范围拓展为主线,综述了该方法在美国公路工程中的相关应用研究,并借助美国公路工程中的具体应用研究模型,评估了连续配筋混凝土路面与热拌沥青混合料路面的施工过程能源消耗情况,明确了减少路面生命周期原材料生产阶段等早期能源消耗数量有利于促进公路工程领域的可持续性发展.研究结果表明:生命周期评价方法是一个对路面工程产品或系统进行环境影响评估的有效工具,为生命周期评价方法在中国公路工程中的推广应用提供有益参考.     

桥面铺装结构与材料生命周期环境影响研究

为制定桥面铺装设计方案,建造低能耗环保桥梁,基于生命周期评价理论,剖析了桥面铺装相关活动的环境影响因素,提出了桥面铺装的设计、原材料的生产加工、桥面施工、运营使用和维护、拆除和固体废弃物处置5个阶段的环境影响的理论计算模型。该模型可为全面认识桥面铺装的环境影响水平提供理论基础,并应用于武汉市徐东高架桥桥面铺装。结果表明,原材料生产加工阶段环境影响最为严重,其次为运营使用和维护阶段。在运营使用和维护阶段,合理选择桥面铺装材料影响显著。     

绿色低碳有轨电车建设成本及效益分析

有轨电车具有绿色环保、便捷舒适、资源节约的特点,受到越来越多大中城市的青睐。本文以嘉兴有轨电车项目为例,对其车站、车辆基地等基础设施采用的绿色低碳技术进行介绍,并通过全生命周期成本效益分析方法对其引发的成本增加和产生的效益进行分析。结果表明,有轨电车采用绿色低碳技术会增加建设成本,但在资源节约、经济等方面也获得了效益。从长远来看,绿色低碳有轨电车带来的效益大于建设成本。     

基于生命周期成本分析法的沥青混凝土经济性评价

沥青路面经济性分析,不仅要注重初期建设成本,而且还要考虑长期使用效益.应用生命周期成本分析法对普通沥青混凝土、改性沥青混凝土、再生沥青混凝土、废旧轮胎橡胶沥青混凝土等沥青混合料进行成本分析,探讨四种沥青混凝土用于面层的成本差异,可为业主单位选择沥青混凝土的类型提供参考.     

桥梁全寿命成本分析的应用

桥梁生命周期成本分析桥梁生命周期成本分析的概念 美国ISO标准（Standard 15686）对“全寿命周期成本分析”给出的定义是：”它是工程项目成本的评估方法,旨在优选、对比实现寿命目标的不同措施,即包括初建成本也包括之后的一切运行．维护成本”。     

Comparison of coal-based dimethyl ether and diesel as vehicle fuels from well to wheel in China

With life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, a life cycle model of coal-based vehicle fuels (CBVFs) including coal-based dimethyl ether (CBDME) and coal-based diesel (CBD) is established. Their primary energy consumption (PEC) and global warming potential (GWP) from well to wheel including feedstock extraction, fuel production, fuel consumption in vehicle and energy transportation are calculated and compared. Results show that the life cycle PEC and GWP of CBD pathway are 1.17 and 1.34 times as CBDME pathway. Based on the above results, CBDME will become a choice with great potential to replace conventional petroleum-based diesel (CPBD) in China.     

Persuasibility and its assessment

Persuasive technology is the use of computers, devices or applications to change a person’s attitudes or behavior. Persuasibility design within the system life-cycle is a nascent area of research which is different from design in the traditional method. This paper focuses on the research of persuasibility design and its assessment in the system life-cycle. A life-cycle oriented systemic general theory is developed in this paper to evaluate persuasibility design. Persuasibility assessment is considered as a part of persuasibility design. Its procedure and method are explored and analyzed based on the system life-cycle in this paper. A possible research direction is to create more explicit and detailed persuasion design and assessment methods which can be used not only in personal computer persuasive application, but also many other electric devices that are designed for persuasion purposes.     

Life cycle assessment for the ＂implicit＂ environmental impact of construction projects

The paper has established an assessment system and a quantitative calculation method of the "implicit" environmental impact including environmental impact indicator, resources consumption indicator and energy consumption indicator. The quantitative calculation of the environmental impact indicator is based on the life cycle assessment system and the evaluation software BEES. The paper identifies normalization reference values and weights for 12 categories of the environmental impact. It also analyzes the environmental impact indicator in life cycle stages, raw materials, transportation, manufacturing, utilization, and end of life. A university refectory project is studied. The result has shown that human health, global warming and acidification are the first three environmental impacts in 12 categories. The environmental impact indicator per m2 of this project is 18.448×10-2 standard human equivalent weight. Moreover, 97.3 % of the total environmental impact occurs at the raw material stage, in which the most severe environmental impact is cancerous health effect; the global warming is the main impact at the transportation and manufacturing stages; the indoor air quality impact is at the usage stage.     

产品生命周期管理环境下汽车行业全面质量管理方法

针对汽车企业实施全面质量管理以进入国际市场的要求,提出产品生命周期管理环境下汽车行业全面质量管理方法(PAITQM).首先基于过程要素及其映射关系分析,提出质量管理过程向工作流元模型映射的数字化过程方法,并给出过程关系矩阵向工作流模型映射的数字化全过程模式.然后基于上述方法提出过程驱动的分层式参考管理模式.并给出PAITQM方法在产品生命周期管理环境中实现的工具框架.最后以实例说明,PAIT-QM方法具有良好的标准符合性,能够有效提高汽车供应链企业全面质量管理的标准化水平和效率.     

中期练兵

丰田遵从5年一代的车型换代周期。在这期间,某一款车型并非一成不变,经常穿插推出一系列小改款车型。广汽丰田第六代凯美瑞已经走过了两年半时间,生命周期已经过去一半,正当人们对它渐渐熟悉,出现审美疲劳的时候,广汽丰田适时地推出了凯美瑞中期改款版。