Real-world gaseous and particle emissions of a Bi-fuel gasoline/CNG Euro 6 passenger car

The objective of the present study is the assessment of the environmental impact of a bivalent (bi-fuel) vehicle, running either on gasoline or compressed natural gas (CNG). To that aim, a Euro 6 passenger car was tested under various real-world driving conditions. In order to cover the full range of conventional powertrains currently in the market, the tests were also repeated on a Euro 6 diesel passenger car. Both cars were driven in two routes, the first complying with the regulation limits and the second going beyond them. Carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and particle number (PN) emissions were recorded using a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS). Apart from the aggregated emission levels, in g/km, the exact emission location along the route was also assessed. Natural gas proved beneficial for CO and PN emissions, the level of which always remained below the respective legislation limits. On the other hand, under the dynamic driving conditions with gasoline, the relevant limits were exceeded. Cold start, occurring at the beginning of the urban part, and motorway driving were identified as major contributors to total emissions, especially in gasoline mode. However, the application of natural gas was associated with a penalty in NO_x emissions, which were significantly increased as compared to gasoline. Local peaks within the urban part were identified in CNG mode. In any case, the diesel vehicle was by far the highest NO_x emitter.     

发动机舱结构对加速工况车内噪声的影响

针对某车型在加速过程中发动机转速为3 100 r/min和3 510 r/min时产生噪声峰值问题,通过锤击试验、CAE分析、振动噪声测试相结合的方法,确认此峰值是由发动机舱结构不合理产生的.通过采用在散热器上、下横梁和左、右立柱上焊接加强板及延长副车架内部加强板等优化发动机舱结构的措施,降低了加速时车内噪声,同时整车怠速、匀速工况下车内噪声也有所降低.     

A note on highway capacity

This note shows that on a homogeneous, uninterrupted flow highway there can be three kinds of capacity for any location: one for acceleration flow, one for deceleration flow and another for stationary flow. It is the stationary (equilibrium) flow capacity that one should adopt as the ideal capacity of a roadway, as defined by the highway capacity manual.     

桥梁地震响应半主动控制的加速度放大效应

采用磁流变阻尼器,对1座大跨刚构连续梁桥进行半主动控制、主动控制和被动控制地震响应计算,比较分析6种半主动控制算法对桥梁加速度的放大效应。结果表明:当磁流变阻尼器设置在桥梁支座等连接构件处时,不同半主动控制算法会使阻尼器附近桥梁局部位置的加速度产生不同程度的“针尖”放大效应,而主动控制和被动控制不会产生这种加速度放大效应;比较而言,“开关型”半主动控制算法比“连续型”半主动控制算法的加速度放大效应更加严重;半主动控制算法引起的桥梁加速度放大效应与阻尼器类型、阻尼器位置和桥梁结构动力特性等多种因素有关;半主动控制算法对桥梁的位移和弯矩不会产生剧烈放大的“针尖”现象;阻尼器设置在墩梁刚性连接部位时不会出现加速度放大效应。     

基于加速度响应的轨道监测研究

提出基于系统特征参数提取的模糊解耦算法,以BP网络构成基于重复检验的专家系统。利用GSM、无线局域网及通用有线通讯技术构成数据传输体系,开发出TYJGJ机车车载轨道监测系统。较为有效地消除了机车特性、列车速度等产生的影响,实现了监测信息的快速传递。由仿真、运行数据及现场应用情况分析验证了模糊解耦算法及所提出的整体解决方案的正确性。     

Estimation of natural frequencies and damping using dynamic field data from an offshore wind turbine

The dynamic characteristics of offshore wind turbines are heavily affected by environmental loads from wave and wind action and nonlinear soil behaviour. In the design of the monopile structures, the fatigue load due to wind and wave loading is one of the most important problems to consider. Since the fatigue damage is sensitive to the foundation stiffness and damping, increasing the accuracy of analysis tools used in the design and optimization process can improve the reliability of the structure and reduce conservatism, thereby leading to a more cost-efficient design. In this context, analysis of field data is important for calibrating and verifying purposes. This paper presents analysis of measured accelerations and strains from a wind farm in the North Sea with monopile foundations. Field data during idling conditions, collected over long periods of operation, are analysed and the natural frequencies are determined, and damping is estimated. The measured natural frequencies are compared to calculated values using an aero-servo-hydro-elastic code, showing a good agreement in the frequency range below 2 Hz. Variation of the natural frequencies with intensity of loading may indicate effect of soil nonlinearity on the overall OWT response. Since the first natural bending modes have the largest potential to mobilize soil reactions, they are of primary interest in this context. The effect of load (wave, wind and dynamic bending moment) on the first natural frequency is investigated using different analysis techniques in the frequency domain and time domain. A clear correlation between load level and first natural frequency is demonstrated. A simple nonlinear SSI model of the tower/soil system is employed to numerically investigate the observed changes in the measured first natural frequency with the level of loading and increased overall damping. The simulated results reproduce the general trends in the observed reduction in the first natural frequency and increased damping ratio with the load level. However, the effect of the load level is less than that observed in the measurements, indicating contribution also from other factors than soil nonlinearity.     

加速工况下车内噪声品质烦躁度的评价研究

以9种B级轿车从50→120 km/h加速时的噪声信号为评价对象,采用等级评分方法对车内噪声品质烦躁度进行了主观评价试验.分析计算了各噪声样本的主要心理声学客观参数,并通过相关分析和多元线性回归分析,建立了车内噪声品质烦躁度评价的数学模型.结果表明,在加速工况下影响B级轿车车内噪声品质烦躁度的3个参数分别为响度、粗糙度和A计权声压级.     

汽车加速过程动力学仿真模拟研究

对不同附着路面上汽车加速过程的模拟是驱动防滑控制模拟研究的基础。在建立两轮驱动汽车和四轮驱动汽车发动机模型、传动系模型、轮胎模型和车辆模型的基础上，采用MATLAB SIMULINK编制了适于加速过程模拟的动力学仿真模拟程序，并针对样车进行了各种附着路面的车辆加速过程的模拟。     

汽车纵向加/减速度多模型分层切换控制

针对汽车纵向动力学模型的大不确定性,设计了一种基于鲁棒控制理论的汽车纵向加速度多模型分层切换控制系统。通过分析汽车纵向动力学特性,用4个不确定模型覆盖对象不确定性,并应用LM I方法设计对应的鲁棒性能控制器集合。考虑鲁棒控制系统的特点,设计了一种对不确定性的系统增益进行估计的切换指标函数,以选择控制器进行控制。实验表明,提出的方法在大不确定性下可以对纵向加速度有效控制。     

行驶质量评价指标的回顾和展望

道路作为满足公众行驶需要的一种特殊产品,其好坏的根本量度之一就是行驶质量评价指标。由于这个指标取决于道路的破损情况,因此将其与道路表面的粗糙度特征建立回归关系才方便应用。自从20世纪60年代以来,确定行驶质量指标的主要参数就不断演变。先是人工实测车辙,破损及修补面积,再是各种仪器实测的路面平整度,比如国际平整度指数,IRI。本文在大量的研究基础上,指出了现行主要参数的不足,并提出了一个确定行驶质量指标的新参数,既乘客所直接感受到的竖直方向上的加速度的变化率,JERK。