A study of the influence of severe environmental conditions on common traffic congestion features

On the basis of real traffic and environmental data measured on German freeways, we studied common features of traffic congestion under the influence of severe weather conditions. We have found that traffic features [J] and [S] defining traffic phases “wide moving jam” (J) and “synchronized flow” (S) in Kerner's three‐phase theory are indeed common spatiotemporal traffic features. The quantitative parameters for both traffic phases [S] and [J] were investigated in a comparison of “ideal” weather conditions (good visibility and no precipitation) and severe weather situations (icy road, wind, precipitation, etc.). We showed spatiotemporal congested patterns in several space–time diagrams based on the Automatic Tracking of Moving Jams/Forecasting of Traffic Objects (ASDA/FOTO) model reconstruction for roadside detectors. A statistical study of traffic phase [J] parameters was presented, showing the average values and standard deviation of the quantities. Similarities and differences were analyzed, and some consequences for vehicular applications were discussed to cope with severe weather conditions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

H－120型防火防爆气动移门的设计及其在海洋平台上的应用

按照船级社近海工程入级规范要求,海洋作业平台危险区域处的封闭机械处所通常需要满足气密、海洋石油工业防火等级、防爆、风雨密、隔音等要求,甚至供作业人员进出的门也要满足此要求。目前,按照国内船舶标准制作的门,尚无法满足上述规范要求。该文根据“挪威NORSOK标准”和“DNV近海工程入级规范”,对H-120型防火防爆气动移门的设计进行研究,并结合实际项目给出了其在海洋平台危险区域机械处所的应用设想与具体方法,为国内同类产品生产厂家提供思路,从而更好地适应海洋工程的发展趋势。     

Understanding individual travel decisions: results from a commuters survey in Geneva

In this paper, we present the results of an extended traveler behavior survey conducted in Geneva (Switzerland) in March 1994. In this survey, commuters were asked about the impact of various factors, related to individual or household characteristics and situational, contextual and environmental constraints on their basic travel decisions. In particular, the issues of mode, route and departure time choice were investigated, together with the diversion from normal patterns in response to adverse weather conditions. Some cross cultural comparisons are discussed with respect to the results of a similar survey conducted in Brussels (Belgium) in 1992 (Khattak & de Palma 1995, 1997).     

台风预报现状及其对船舶避台决策的影响

准确的TC预报是避台决策安全、经济的重要保证,但受目前理论和技术水平的限制,完全准确的TC预报无法得到。因此,了解目前气象部门对TC预报的最新进展和动向,准确把握气象部门所能提供的TC预报水平,对于避台决策制定者有着十分重要的意义。我们通过对大量有关TC预报文献的分析研究,针对目前TC预报研究的最新进展情况,重点介绍了当前各国TC移动路径和风浪场的预报水平;提出了所存在的问题及对船舶避台决策的影响,指出进行绕避TC决策所需要解决的重要课题之一,是能够合理地、有效地使用各个不同预报台站的预报结果,科学地提取其中的正确信息,而目前气象部门广泛使用的集成预报方法有可能为此问题提供一个有效的解决办法。     

滑坡致环境镉污染的研究

调查发现山体滑坡引起天然水镉污染，源水镉的含量为０．５７～３．８８ｍｇ／Ｌ，下游水体、鱼类、土壤、农作物受到严重污染，人群健康受到镉危害。水镉污染稀释迁移规律曲线拟合方程呈双曲线，土壤和大米含量均高于对照区，血镉、尿镉和尿β２－ＭＧ水平与对照区比较明显升高，人群镉摄入量与尿镉排泄量呈正相关关系，血、尿镉和尿β２－ＭＧ三项指标间的二联指标阳性率明显高于对照区。     

空间天气对水面舰艇卫星导航定位的影响

简要介绍空间天气和电离层基本概念，对灾害性空间天气可能对导航卫星和电离层所产生的主要影响进行有意义的探索；进而着重对电离层电子密度、电离层暴、电离层突然骚扰等空间天气要素会对水面舰艇卫星导航定位系统的影响。     

高速公路平直路段雾霾天气下的IDM跟驰模型分析

雾霾等恶劣气候对交通安全带来严重威胁.为分析雾霾天气下驾驶行为规律,利用高逼真度驾驶模拟器,构建了高速公路平直路段雾霾天气场景,开展了自由加速、紧急制动和跟驰试验;基于采集的试验数据利用遗传算法对IDM (Intelligent Driver Model)跟驰模型进行了标定,并与晴天同路段标定参数进行了对比分析.结果显示,雾霾天气下IDM模型中起步加速度和舒适减速度参数并无显著差异,但安全距离、安全车头时距、期望速度等参数比晴天情况显著减小,由此表明雾霾天气下的交通冲突风险显著增大,应加强雾霾天气下的安全管理.     

大风天气下大型船舶撤离洋山港外航道可行性的探讨

根据洋山港自然、地理条件，运用目前在航道论证方面已经比较成熟的船舶操纵模拟器，有针对性地对大风天气下大型船舶撤离洋山港外航道疏浚段的可行性进行研究；根据所选5250TEU和8000TEU大型集装箱船舶的模拟船型撤离外航道疏浚段模拟试验的结果并基于航迹带概率分布对试验数据充分和系统分析的基础上，提出了大型船舶安全撤离外航道疏浚段的可行性，为洋山港大型集装箱船舶在大风天气下安全撤离外航道疏浚段提供比较科学的参考依据。     

Association of reduced visibility with crash outcomes

Most of the information necessary for driving a vehicle is regarded as visual information. In spite of its importance, visibility conditions at the time of a crash are often not documented at a high level of detail. Past studies have not examined the quantified values of visibility and its association with crashes. The current study merged data collected from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) with 2010–2012 Florida crash data. From the thousands of logged weather events compiled by the NOAA, the researchers isolated periods of normal visibility and comparable periods of reduced visibility in a matched-pairs study. The NOAA data provided real visibility score based on the spatiotemporal data of the crashes. Additionally, the crash data, obtained from Roadway Information Database (RID), contains several geometric and traffic variables that allow for effects of factors and visibility. The study aims to associate crash occurrence under different levels of visibility with factors included in the crash database by developing ordinal logistic regression. The intent is to observe how different visibility conditions contribute to a crash occurrence. The findings indicate that the likelihood of a crash increase during periods of low visibility, despite the tendency for less traffic and for lower speeds to prevail during these times. The findings of this study will add valuable knowledge to the realm of the impact of visibility in the way of using and designing appropriate countermeasures.     

利用传真地面天气图计算海面风

推导出传真地面天气图上地转风与梯度风的近似计算公式，根据公式制作了地转风与梯度风查算图，并求算了30个站点的海面理论风速值。与实测风速比较，得到了海面摩擦系数和地转风近似法与梯度风近似法计算海面风速的适用条件。