Relationships Between US Consumer Expenditures on Communications and Transportation Using Almost Ideal Demand System Modeling: 1984–2002

Abstract

This study analyzes aggregate consumer expenditure data from the US between 1984 and 2002, to determine relationships between expenditures on transportation and communications. We first identified 15 categories of goods – nine for transportation, five for communications, and one for all others – and obtained prices for each category across time. Then, we applied the linear approximate almost ideal demand system (AIDS) method for estimating consumer demand functions, aggregating the categories to six (non-personal vehicle (PV), PV capital, PV operation, electronic communications media, print communications media, and all others) due to the small sample size. The results indicate that transportation and communications categories have both substitution and complementarity relationships. The existence of effects in both directions (substitution and complementarity) is testimony to the complexity of the relationships involved, with both generation and replacement possible and happening simultaneously. In addition, expenditures in the transportation categories are generally more income-elastic and price-elastic than those in communications, indicating that communications expenditures are more essential than those for travel. The transportation categories have both substitution and complementarity relationships with each other, while the two communications categories have a substitution relationship.     

Some features of non-linear travel time models for dynamic traffic assignment

Abstract

This paper investigates some features of non-linear travel time models for dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) that adopt traffic on the link as the sole determinant for the calculation of travel time and have explicit relationships between travel time and traffic on the link. Analytical proofs and numerical examples are provided to show first-in-first-out (FIFO) violation and the behaviour of decreasing outflow with increasing traffic in non-linear travel time models. It is analytically shown that any non-linear travel time model could violate FIFO in some circumstances, especially when inflow drops sharply, and some convex non-linear travel time models could show behaviour with outflow decreasing as traffic increases. It is also shown that the linear travel time model does not show these behaviours. A non-linear travel time model in general form was used for analytical proofs and several existing non-linear travel time models were adopted for numerical examples. Considering the features addressed in this study, non-linear travel time models seem to have limitations for use in DTA in practical terms and care should be taken when they are used for modelling time-varying transportation networks.     

轨顶风道先浇法施工工艺的设计和应用

轨顶风道是地铁车站通风系统中重要的内部结构构件,文章针对现浇钢筋混凝土轨道风道后浇法施工存在的问题,提出现浇轨道风道先浇法的施工工序,并结合长沙市轨道交通2号线一期工程光达站应用实例,介绍了现浇轨道风道先浇法的施工要点,评述了其施工应用效果。     

‘Informal Travel’: A New Conceptualization of Travel Patterns?

Abstract

In transportation, informal transport refers mainly to the use of paratransit services in the developing world. In this paper we argue that informal travel may include, in addition to mode and users, also other travel pattern elements, such as trip planning, structure, purpose, and destination. Each of these can be placed along an axis ranging from formal manifestations to informal ones, thus creating a ‘formality scale’. Moreover, these elements may be combined in numerous ways, creating a multitude of travel patterns that may be placed all along the formality scale. After providing a definition of formal, semi-formal, and informal travel and characterizing travel patterns according to the formality scale we identify population groups which exemplify semi-formal and informal travel patterns. Next, we analyze the 2009 US National Household Travel Survey, which suggests informal travel may be growing. This leads to a discussion on various factors that might affect travel formality. Most notably, the growing use of information and communication technologies may be shifting travel toward the informal end of the axis. In turn, this might affect trip symmetry, which may result in further effects on the transportation system.     

A Review of Ex-Post Evidence for Mode Substitution and Induced Demand Following the Introduction of High-Speed Rail

ABSTRACT

To date, relatively little is known about the nature of the demand for high-speed rail (HSR) soon after inauguration of the services, despite close to 50-year experience of HSR operation and 17 166?km of HSR network around the world. This is a real lacuna given the scale of HSR construction around the world, the amount of resources committed to it, the desired accessibility, economic and environmental effects associated with HSR development and the relatively poor track record of forecasting demand for HSR services. Focusing on mode substitution and induced demand effects, this review aims to fill the gap in knowledge about the ex-post demand for HSR services in order to facilitate a learning process for the planning of the future HSR network. Although there is not much evidence on the demand for HSR services and existing evidence is largely influenced by route-specific characteristics, a methodological limitation that must be acknowledged, the evidence presented allows a better characterisation of HSR as a mode of transport. The review shows that the demand for HSR a few years after inauguration is about 10–20% induced demand and the rest is attributed to mode substitution. In terms of mode substitution, in most cases the majority of HSR passengers have used the conventional rail before. Substitution from aircraft, car and coach is generally more modest.     

Forecasting high-speed rail ridership using a simultaneous modeling approach

Abstract

The newly launched, June 2009, US High-Speed Intercity Passenger Rail Program has rekindled a renewed interest in forecasting high-speed rail (HSR) ridership. The first step to the concerted effort by the federal, state, rail, and other related agencies to develop a nationwide HSR network is the development of credible approaches to forecast the ridership. This article presents a nested logit/simultaneous choice model to improve the demand forecast in the context of intercity travel. In addition to incorporating the interrelationship between trip generation and mode choice decisions, the simultaneous model also provides a platform for the same utility function flowing between both the decision-making processes. Using American Travel Survey data, supplemented by various mode parameters, the proposed model improves the forecast accuracy and confirms the significant impact of travel costs on both mode choice and trip generation. Furthermore, the cross elasticity of mode choice and trip generation related to travel costs and other modal characteristics may shed some light on transportation policies in the area of intercity travel, especially in anticipation of HSR development.     

Statistical and activity-based modeling of university student travel behavior

Abstract

This paper conducts a statistical analysis of student travel behavior at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU). The data source is the ‘University NHTS’ project launched by the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) in 2009. Through this empirical study, it has been found that university student travel behavior is different from that of the general population; urban universities have lower percentages of nonmotorized trips than college-town universities; undergraduate students are likely to make more daily trips than graduate students – similarly, on-campus students make more frequent trips than off-campus students; the most frequent student activities are home and academic activities; and student group categories have virtually no impact on daily activity profiles, though activity types do have a dramatic impact on daily activity profiles. Based on these research findings, the paper makes a series of recommendations regarding trip generation, trip distribution, mode choice, and activity-based modeling.     

新冠疫情对老年人公交出行行为的影响

新冠肺炎疫情对交通运输产生巨大影响,但现有成果主要研究疫情爆发期疫情对交通运输的影响,较少有分析后疫情阶段的出行行为.本文利用验证性因素分析模型及Logit 模型,研究后疫情阶段新冠病毒,老年人个人统计学特征,老年人对新冠肺炎疫情严重程度的感知等心理因素对老年人出行行为的影响.研究结果表明：短距离出行中,新冠疫情和对新冠肺炎疫情严重程度的感知对出行方式选择没有显著影响;新冠疫情和对新冠肺炎疫情严重程度的感知对老年人使用公交意愿具有显著影响;此外,这两个因素也影响老年人外出概率和使用公交的概率.     

突发公共卫生事件持续期居民中长距离出行方式选择行为研究

为剖析突发公共事件持续期风险感知属性对居民中长距离出行方式选择行为的影响,基于非集计理论,构建风险感知差异的居民出行方式选择多元Logit模型.在2020年3月新冠肺炎疫情持续期,通过网络采集1 643份有效调查问卷,运用SPSS软件标定模型参数,获取突发公共事件持续期,影响居民出行选择的主要风险感知因素,并进行敏感性分析.结果表明：防控措施和防控措施了解程度对居民出行方式选择有显著影响;以航空运输为参考,途径站点暴露率增加对铁路运输方式的选择概率有负向影响,对公路运输方式的选择概率有正向影响;保持疫情持续期航空的低票价,以及加大航空运输防控措施的宣传可提高居民选择航空出行的概率.     

考虑弹性需求的城市枢纽间多方式时刻表优化

针对城市客运枢纽间综合运输通道协同性欠缺、运输效率低等问题,提出考虑弹性需求的城市客运枢纽间多方式时刻表协同优化方法。基于多项Logit模型对枢纽间乘客出行方式选择行为进行建模,分析各方式时刻表变动对出行需求的影响;以乘客等待总时间,时刻调整总数量,时刻调整总时间最小为优化目标,考虑弹性需求、时间窗、容量限制等约束,构建枢纽间多方式时刻表协同优化模型,并基于非支配排序遗传算法,结合客流加载仿真过程设计模型求解算法;最 后,以“北京南站-北京首都国际机场”多方式通道为例检验模型的有效性。结果表明,时刻表优化方案的实施使各方式产生了较为明显的需求弹性变化效果,模型求解得到10种时刻表优化方案,其评价结果整体优于传统模型,最终筛选方案可缩短乘客等待时间10.36%。