Cooperation in transit delivery in West German metropolitan areas

West Germany is densely populated, averaging 245 inhabitants/km², but varying widely between urban agglomerations and rural areas. Transport volume has increased by 40% since 1970, with virtually all growth due to private automobiles. Since 1981 public transit has been suffering from decreasing demand.A 1964 Expert's Report to the German federal government was the stimulus for initiating an effective funding mechanism for new public transit construction. In 1965 Germany's first federated transit authority was founded for the region of Hamburg.Principal among the goals of any cooperative agreement among transit companies are improvements for the passengers and improvement of revenues for the companies. To attain these ends, two distinct forms of transit aggrements have been developed in Germany: transit cooperative (Verkehrsgemeinschaft) and transit federation (Verkehrsverbund). The former is more suitable for smaller to medium-sized towns, while the latter is more suitable for larger cities. The two types are described in this article.German transit federations during the 1970s succeeded in significantly increasing ridership, while during the 1980s patronage has either remained steady or has declined. Yet transit federations showed much better perfomance than did public transit in general. In terms of costs and revenues, no public transit organization in Germany is able to break even; deficits vary between 42% and 55%. The author concludes, however, that hidden subsidies for automobile traffic are far higher, because of environmental damage and the high social cost of traffic accidents.     

线性需求下铁路客运差别定价模型研究

为提高席位资源利用率,研究了线性需求下我国铁路客运差别定价策略的优化模型。以收益最大化为目标,基于最优化理论和完全价格歧视策略,确定旅客群体最优细分数目以及每个旅客群体的最优票价,得出在客运淡季,铁路旅客最优细分数目为3~5个,各旅客群的最优票价由铁路客运市场细分数目决定。应用该模型为某城际高铁进行差别定价,试验结果表明,该模型可达到调节客流、增加收益的目的。     

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政府赋予铁路运营部门一定的定价自主权，为其尝试新的收益管理方法，提供了较为宽松的政策环境.因此，为充分利用列车上经常出现的闲置卧铺，本文将国外的航空收益管理理论应用于我国铁路客运领域；结合差别定价法、EMSR法和投标价格法各自的优势，提出一种新的收益管理存量控制方法:隐藏价格— EMSR法.算例分析表明，不同定价方式下，新方法能够提高铺位利用率，增加网络运输总体收益，实施效果优于传统的投标价格法.     

Measuring the effect of low-cost carriers on regional airports' commercial revenue

This paper measures the effect of low-cost carriers (LCCs) on British regional airports' commercial revenue using panel data analysis. The evidence shows that although LCCs have significant impact on airports' commercial revenue, their contribution is smaller compared to other carriers. The empirical results indicate that holding other variables constant, on average, each additional LCC passenger boosts airport commercial revenue by £2.87, while each additional other carrier passenger raises commercial revenue by £5.59. These results are relatively stable across different models. The findings have important policy implications for aviation strategy at the regional level and beyond.     

基于可召回机制的航班延误损失优化研究

将乘客分为对航班延误敏感和不敏感两类,针对航空公司遭受航班延误损失的问题,构造考虑航班延误损失的利润优化模型,通过比较航空公司在传统销售和可召回机制下的收益差异,得出实行可召回机制可优化航班延误损失,提高航空公司利润。最后用数值模拟验证可召回机制的有效性,并得出一些决策和管理启示。     

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道路拥挤定价收入再分配研究是道路拥挤定价发展中迫切需要解决的实践难题和理论研究的前沿性课题. 本文综述了国内外道路拥挤定价收入再分配相关的社会福利、公众支持和收入再分配方式等方面理论研究发展历程和最新进展,并给出了我国城市道路交通推行该政策的建议. 国内外研究和实践表明,需要在优先考虑提升交通运输效率的基础上,从解决道路拥挤定价政策所产生的福利分配不公平问题和提高公共认知与支持角度出发,制定和实施合理可行的道路拥挤定价收入再分配策略和配套措施,才有助于增强道路拥挤定价政策实施的可行性和有效性,从而更好地改善道路拥挤状况,提高道路运输效率.     

铁路客运票价策略研究综述

价格策略是收益管理的重要组成部分之一.总结了国内外铁路客运票价策略的理论研究及应用现状;对铁路客运票价策略需要解决的问题进行了拆解,描述并分析了各关键环节主要任务及目标;对国内外基本价格策略进行了简单评述,分析并总结了适合我国铁路客运票价的价格策略—市场细分和动态定价;根据我国铁路客运实际情况,对后续票价策略研究的方向、可采用的理论方法和技术手段进行了分析和阐述.     

Optimization of Fare Structure and Service Frequency for Maximum Profitability of Transit Systems

Abstract

Providing efficient public transportation has been recognized as a potential way of alleviating congestion, improving mobility, mitigating air pollution, and reducing energy consumption. Many people use public transportation systems for their daily commute, while others use different transportation modes (e.g. cars, taxis, carpools, etc.). Inexpensive fares with good transit service encourages ridership, and the resulting revenue may be used to provide better service. Optimization of transit service frequency and its associated fare structure is desirable in order to increase revenue at reasonable transit operating expenditure. The objective of the study reported here is to maximize profit subject to service capacity constraint, while elastic demand is considered. The solution methodology is developed and applied to solve the profit maximization problem in a case study based on Newark, NJ, USA. Numerical results, including optimal solutions and sensitivity analyses, are presented. It is found that an optimal temporal headway and differential fare structure that maximizes total profit for the studied subway system can be efficiently solved.     

基于GM(1,1)模型的十堰旅游数据预测研究

十堰市旅游人次与旅游收入之间存在着较强的正相关关系。运用GM(1,1)灰色预测模型和Matlab软件,对十堰旅游收入及旅游人次进行了预测。讨论了GM(1,1)生成的预测值,指出存在的问题,并提出促进十堰旅游业平稳健康发展的建议。     

高校贷款额度预测方法探讨

为了确定高校的贷款控制额度,评价高校贷款风险,财政部、教育部联合开发了相关数学模型.该模型运用货币资金时间价值理论,假设高校可用于偿还贷款本息的非限定性净收入呈稳定增长的态势.这种假设与高校的实际发展情况并不一致.为了使模型更加符合实际,提出了利用回归分析方法预测未来非限定性净收入的方法,阐述了该方法的优点和具体的测算步骤,并进行了举例说明.