How do economies of density in container handling operations affect ships’ time and emissions in port? Evidence from Norwegian container terminals

Efficient port services are prerequisites for competitive and sustainable maritime transports. This paper makes advances in studying the determinants of the time that ships spend in port and the associated emissions to air. We estimate a production model for cargo handling based on a unique dataset containing each port of call at the largest container terminals in Norway in 2014. In turn, we use auxiliary engine emission factors to estimate particulate matter and nitrogen oxide emissions from ships at berth, to determine how the corresponding damage costs of air pollution vary with container throughput, location, and terminal investments. We find that Norwegian container terminals operate under increasing returns to density. Small ships that unload few containers are far from reaping economies of density, leading to high marginal time requirements for container handling and consequently high marginal external costs. From a Pigouvian taxation perspective, port charges should therefore be regressive in the number of containers handled. Moreover, we find that the external costs of maritime transports are severely understated when port operations are ignored. Our model allows determining the marginal productivities of port facilities. Thereby, it is instrumental in designing port charges that are diversified according to the quantity of containers handled and the service quality (i.e., the speed of handling operations). Regarding contextual factors, we find that establishing high-frequent liner services improves the ship working rate, while simultaneous calls at a terminal impede productivity. The type of container (loading/unloading; empty/laden) also appears to influence the duration of ship working.     

Surface CO2 measurements in the English Channel and Southern Bight of North Sea using voluntary observing ships

Ships of opportunity have been used to investigate ocean–atmosphere CO₂ fluxes in the English Channel and Southern Bight of the North Sea. Continuous underway measurements of the fugacity of seawater carbon dioxide (fCO₂^sw), chlorophyll, temperature and salinity have been performed along 26 transects during the spring and autumn periods. The spatial fCO₂^sw distribution along the Channel and Southern Bight is modulated by the photosynthetic activity, temperature changes and water mixing between inputs from the North Atlantic Ocean and riverine discharges. The seasonal variability of fCO₂^sw is assessed and discussed in terms of the biology and temperature effects, these having similar impacts. The variation of fCO₂^sw shows similar interannual patterns, with lower values in spring. The annual average of air–sea CO₂ fluxes places the English Channel as neutral area of CO₂ uptake. The spring and autumn data allow differentiating between distal and proximal continental areas. The Southern Bight shows a tendency towards net CO₂ uptake on the distal continental shelf, whereas the Scheldt and Thames Plumes show a CO₂ source behaviour on the proximal continental shelves.     

基于交通仿真的低碳交通策略评价方法研究

研究了交通领域低碳策略的分类,构建了不同层次交通仿真模型与低碳交通策略评价的对应关系,提出了交通仿真技术在低碳交通策略方案评价中的应用步骤。结合交通仿真模型输出数据特点、低碳策略评价的侧重点,选取碳排放量和机动车污染物排放量作为低碳策略评价的主要指标。在此基础上,以秦皇岛2020年规划路网为分析对象,开展了不同出行方式比例下低碳类指标的对比分析研究,以说明基于交通仿真的低碳交通策略评价方法的可行性和有效性。     

碳纤维加固技术在港口码头改造工程中的应用

目前混凝土结构的碳纤维加固技术主要用于陆上土木工程的结构物修复,由于港口码头的水工结构物均处于潮湿、水位变动频繁、氯离子含量较高的环境下,在原有港口工程案例中主要应用该技术加固混凝土结构的次要构件.本工程首次将碳纤维加固技术应用在码头结构物主要受力构件的加固中并取得成功,可为码头水工建筑物的加固修复提供参考.     

Short/medium-term prediction for the aviation emissions in the en route airspace considering the fluctuation in air traffic demand

This paper proposes a novel short/medium-term prediction method for aviation emissions distribution in en route airspace. An en route traffic demand model characterizing both the dynamics and the fluctuation of the actual traffic demand is developed, based on which the variation and the uncertainty of the short/medium-term traffic growth are predicted. Building on the demand forecast the Boeing Fuel Flow Method 2 is applied to estimate the fuel consumption and the resulting aviation emissions in the en route airspace. Based on the traffic demand prediction and the en route emissions estimation, an aviation emissions prediction model is built, which can be used to forecast the generation of en route emissions with uncertainty limits. The developed method is applied to a real data set from Hefei Area Control Center for the en route emission prediction in the next 5 years, with time granularities of both months and years. To validate the uncertainty limits associated with the emission prediction, this paper also presents the prediction results based on future traffic demand derived from the regression model widely adopted by FAA and Eurocontrol. The analysis of the case study shows that the proposed method can characterize well the dynamics and the fluctuation of the en route emissions, thereby providing satisfactory prediction results with appropriate uncertainty limits. The prediction results show a gradual growth at an average annual rate of 7.74%, and the monthly prediction results reveal distinct fluctuation patterns in the growth.     

城市道路交通碳中和措施系统的概念与架构

当前形势表明,碳治理的紧迫性从未像现在这样明确而迫切。城市道路交通领域在按时达成预定碳目标方面仍面临重大挑战。为理清各种措施、路径或方法之间的关系,构建一个明晰的治理框架,并把握研究与实践的关键路径,以便于更有效的碳中和行动。通过运用文献研究、统计分析和归纳与演绎等多种方法,研究并提出了城市道路交通系统性解决方案和碳中和措施分系统的基本架构,明确了从系统、分系统、子系统到关键组件的关键线路,对碳中和措施分系统中的两类主要负排放措施进行了深入的分析,并强调了负排放子系统在城市道路交通实现零碳排状态中的决定性作用。其结论可为其他行业或领域的碳中和措施系统构建提供借鉴和参考。     

碳纤维结合体外预应力筋加固空心板梁的试验研究

随着桥梁加固技术的发展,各种加固技术已经日渐成熟,然而单靠一种加固方式进行桥梁加固已经不能满足现在工程的需求。利用粘贴碳纤维和张拉体外预应力筋复合加固的方式对空心板梁进行加固是一种综合、有效的加固方法。通过真型空心板梁试验,研究碳纤维和体外预应力筋两者相结合的加固机理,为复合加固技术的推广奠定了基础。     

Fabrication and drilling tests of chemical vapor deposition diamond coated drills in machining carbon fiber reinforced plastics

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond coated drills are fabricated by depositing diamond films on Co-cemented tungsten carbide (WC-Co) drills. The characteristics of as-deposited diamond coatings are investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Raman spectra. To evaluate the cutting performance of diamond coated drills, comparative drilling tests are conducted using diamond coated and uncoated WC-Co drills, with carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRPs) as the workpiece on a high-speed computer numerical control (CNC) machine. Thrust force and tool wear are measured during the drilling process. The results show that diamond coated drill exhibits better cutting performance, compared with the uncoated drill. The value of flank wear is about 70 μm after machining 90 holes, about a half of that of theWC-Co drill with 145μm after drilling only 30 holes. The wear rate of WC-Co drill is higher than that of diamond coated drill before diamond films peeling off. The diamond coated drill achieves more predictable hole quality. The improved cutting performance of the diamond coated drill is due to the high hardness, wear resistance and low coefficient of friction.     

公交车辆节能减排驾驶技术研究

本文通过实测数据分析了南京市公交车运行工况,结合实验所得排放数据,运用碳平衡法计算燃油消耗量。基于工况与油耗数据,分析两者之间的关系,发现加速工况的油耗贡献率最大,因此需要改善公交车辆的加速工况。此外应当选择合理的速度匀速行驶以控制匀速工况下的油耗量。并进一步分析了速度、加速度对油耗量的影响,发现当速度大于25km／h,加速度在0．1m／s^2-0．4m／s^2范围内,减速度在0．1m／s^2-0．1m／s^2左右时油耗量较小。最后根据分析结果,提出绿色驾驶理念下,针对车速及加减速控制的公交车节能减排驾驶技术。     

废磁悬液及油漆废水处理

在对两类废水水质特征分析的基础上,提出将较低浓度的油漆废水和高浓度的探伤废水综合处理的工艺方案,采用混凝-厌氧-好氧-二次混凝-活性吸附处理工艺,出水水质能够达到污水综合排放标准二级标准.