浅论工程变更

随着国家计划经济向市场经济的彻底改变,我国的建设市场由原来的"自编、自导、自演"的格局向市场化发展,大力推行建筑工程总承包和市场化管理,工程变更由过去的仅由建设单位提出转变为参建各方均可以提出的形式。     

浅谈《公路工程概算定额》、《公路工程预算定额》（2006年征求意见稿）的变化及建议

2006年,为了适应现有公路工程建设的需求,交通部定额总站组织人员在现行92定额的基础上,根据现有的施工水平编写完成了新的《公路工程概算定额》、《公路工程预算定额》(征求意见稿),征求意见。作为从事公路工程造价的技术人员,参与了意见反馈工作,通过研究对比新旧定额,阐述了《公路工程概算定额》、《公路工程预算定额》(征求意见稿)的新变化,并结合实际工作中的体会,提出了建议。     

科研院所型科技企业人力资源开发与管理初探

人力资源的开发与管理工作是转制为科技型企业的科研院所建立现代企业制度的一项重要工作。结合现代企业制度的要求粗浅地提出了一些转制后科研院所做好科技企业人力资源开发与管理工作的基本思路和开展该项工作的具体内容与做法     

基于扩展状态观测器和滑模控制的双离合器自动变速器起步自适应控制

双离合器自动变速器（Dual Clutch Transmission,DCT）随着服役时间的增加离合器性态会发生变化导致起步性能下降,为降低离合器性态变化对起步性能的影响,提出一种基于扩展状态观测器和滑模控制的DCT起步自适应控制方法。首先,建立DCT起步动力学模型、发动机模型和液压控制系统模型;将DCT起步问题转化为参考轨迹跟踪问题,通过工况识别并利用极小值原理获得了不同起步工况的参考轨迹;在DCT起步动力学模型中将与离合器性态变化相关的项定义为不确定项,设计扩展状态观测器对不确定项进行估计,同时结合自适应滑模控制器,获得了起步发动机转矩和离合器油压的自适应控制率;为了跟踪发动机转矩和离合器油压的自适应控制率,设计了发动机转矩跟踪控制器,同时对液压系统采用了PID闭环控制;通过MATLAB/Simulink平台仿真以及台架试验验证所提出的DCT起步控制方法对离合器性态变化的自适应效果。研究结果表明：所提出的起步自适应控制方法能够有效避免由离合器性态变化导致的起步延时,同时1挡缓起步和急起步的仿真冲击分别减小了53.11%和43.42%,试验起步冲击分别减小了35.66%和30.31%。     

基于相变与液冷耦合的电池热管理系统研究

电池组在高环境温度下以高倍率放电时,电池组温度过高、温差大,极易引发安全问题。笔者针对这一问题设计了一种新的耦合式电池热管理系统。以采用纯石蜡冷却模型作为初始模型,首先探讨不同膨胀石墨质量分数的复合相变材料对于电池组热性能的影响,得出:在30℃的环境温度下,电池组以4C倍率放电时,采用EG质量分数为12%的复合相变材料对电池组进行冷却最优。在最优复合相变材料的基础上引入液冷系统,构建克里格近似模型,采用NSGA-Ⅱ遗传算法对耦合系统寻优,得出的预测结果精度较高误差最大仅为0.21%。利用算法寻优得出的最优解与初始模型相比,电池组最高温度下降5.29℃降幅为11.46%,最大温差下降0.12℃降幅为54.09%。结果表明:相变材料与液体冷却耦合热管理系统对电池组控温效果显著。     

Spontaneous emergence versus technology management in sustainable mobility transitions: Electric bicycles in China

This paper describes and seeks to understand the scale of the electric bicycle (electric two-wheeler) market in China, and to begin to explain its emergence with a view to outlining the prospects for learning from this case for applications in other countries around the world. Drawing on secondary data from Chinese government sources, electric bicycle industry websites, Chinese media sites and other sources, this exploratory paper positions the development of the electric bicycle market as occurring largely in the absence of positive policy intervention – in stark contrast to the nurturing afforded the electric car sector world-wide. The paper develops a multi-scalar perspective of transitions theory in an institutional setting, with examples drawn from Beijing and Fuzhou, to explain the processes of change outside of the traditional reference context of technology policy and management. It is concluded that transitions theory has a greater flexibility and adaptability as an explanatory framework than previously shown, but empirically the electric two-wheeler is a weakly-embedded alternative to mainstream automobility.     

Personalised feedback and eco-driving: An explorative study

Conventional road transport has negative impact on the environment. Stimulating eco-driving through feedback to the driver about his/her energy conservation performance has the potential to reduce CO₂ emissions and promote fuel cost savings. Not all drivers respond well to the same type of feedback. Research has shown that different drivers are attracted to different types of information and feedback. The goal of this paper is to explore which different driver segments with specific psychographic characteristics can be distinguished, how these characteristics can be used in the development of an ecodriving support system and whether tailoring eco-driving feedback technology to these different driver segments will lead to increased acceptance and thus effectiveness of the eco feedback technology. The driver segments are based on the value orientation theory and learning orientation theory. Different possibilities for feedback were tested in an exploratory study in a driving simulator. An explorative study was selected since the choice of the display (how and when the information is presented) may have a strong impact on the results. This makes testing of the selected driver segments very difficult. The results of the study nevertheless suggest that adapting the display to a driver segment showed an increase in acceptance in certain cases. The results showed small differences for ratings on acceptation, ease of use, favouritism and a lower general rating between matched (e.g., learning display with learning oriented drivers) and mismatched displays (e.g., learning display with performance oriented drivers). Using a display that gives historical feedback and incorporates learning elements suggested a non-verifiable increase in acceptance for learning oriented drivers. However historical feedback and learning elements may be less effective for performance oriented drivers, who may need comparative feedback and game elements to improve energy conserving driving behaviour.     

Economic and emissions impacts of renewable fuel goals for aviation in the US

The US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has a goal that one billion gallons of renewable jet fuel is consumed by the US aviation industry each year from 2018. We examine the economic and emissions impacts of this goal using renewable fuel produced from a Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA) process from renewable oils. Our approach employs an economy-wide model of economic activity and energy systems and a detailed partial equilibrium model of the aviation industry. If soybean oil is used as a feedstock, we find that meeting the aviation biofuel goal in 2020 will require an implicit subsidy from airlines to biofuel producers of $2.69 per gallon of renewable jet fuel. If the aviation goal can be met by fuel from oilseed rotation crops grown on otherwise fallow land, the implicit subsidy is $0.35 per gallon of renewable jet fuel. As commercial aviation biofuel consumption represents less than 2% of total fuel used by this industry, the goal has a small impact on the average price of jet fuel and carbon dioxide emissions. We also find that, under the pathways we examine, the cost per tonne of CO₂ abated due to aviation biofuels is between $50 and $400.     

Electric vehicles’ energy consumption measurement and estimation

Use of electric vehicles (EVs) has been viewed by many as a way to significantly reduce oil dependence, operate vehicles more efficiently, and reduce carbon emissions. Due to the potential benefits of EVs, the federal and local governments have allocated considerable funding and taken a number of legislative and regulatory steps to promote EV deployment and adoption. With this momentum, it is not difficult to see that in the near future EVs could gain a significant market penetration, particularly in densely populated urban areas with systemic air quality problems. We will soon face one of the biggest challenges: how to improve efficiency for EV transportation system? This research takes the first step in tackling this challenge by addressing a fundamental issue, i.e. how to measure and estimate EVs’ energy consumption. In detail, this paper first presents a system which can collect in-use EV data and vehicle driving data. This system then has been installed in an EV conversion vehicle built in this research as a test vehicle. Approximately 5 months of EV data have been collected and these data have been used to analyze both EV performance and driver behaviors. The analysis shows that the EV is more efficient when driving on in-city routes than driving on freeway routes. Further investigation of this particular EV driver’s route choice behavior indicates that the EV user tries to balance the trade-off between travel time and energy consumption. Although more data are needed in order to generalize this finding, this observation could be important and might bring changes to the traffic assignment for future transportation system with a significant share of EVs. Additionally, this research analyzes the relationships among the EV’s power, the vehicle’s velocity, acceleration, and the roadway grade. Based on the analysis results, this paper further proposes an analytical EV power estimation model. The evaluation results using the test vehicle show that the proposed model can successfully estimate EV’s instantaneous power and trip energy consumption. Future research will focus on applying the proposed EV power estimation model to improve EVs’ energy efficiency.     

论新铁路工程费用定额的变革

新一轮铁路工程费用定额的代表《铁路基本建设工程设计概（预）算编制办法》已经正式发布实施，它将成为今后一定时期内铁路工程设计概（预）算编制的依据。此文重点论述了新《铁路基本建设工程设计概（预）算编制办法》较原概算编制办法的一些主要变革及其特点，希望能对大家更好地使用该费用定额起到引路的作用。