多点汽油喷射喷油器积碳形成的研究

汽车经长时间使用后，喷油器针阀表面会形成少量积碳，影响其喷油质量。从喷油器结构、汽油品质及汽车运行工况等方面探讨了喷油器积碳的机理。通过喷油器积碳模拟试验论证了热浸时间及运行时间对喷油器堵塞率的影响。     

碳纤维板在重载铁路低高度钢筋混凝土板梁体外预应力加固中的应用研究

迄今,预应力碳纤维板应用于重载铁路钢筋混凝土梁加固改造的实例较少,其加固效果尚需深入研究。本文先阐述了体外预应力加固钢筋混凝土构件的设计思路,又根据现行铁路规范对加固前后梁体的应力、挠度及裂缝宽度进行了检算,并通过试验场内的静载试验验证了预应力碳纤维板加固钢筋混凝土板梁的加固效果。研究结果表明,采用预应力碳纤维板加固钢筋混凝土梁能够显著提高梁体受力性能,在1.2倍ZH荷载作用下能够满足运营要求,该技术可以在重载铁路加固改造中推广应用。     

Detecting the Resistivity Distribution of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Concrete by Electrical Resistance Tomography Method

According to the principle of electrical resistance tomography （ ERT）, the resistivity distribution of the carbon fiber reinforced concrete （CFRC） in the sensing field can be measured by injecting exciting current and measuring the voltage on the sensor electrode arrays installed on the surface of the object. Therefore, measurement of the resistivity distribution of CFRC is divided into first measuring the boundary conditions and then inversely computing the resistivity distribution. To reach this goal, an ERT system was constructed, which is composed of a sensor array unit, a data acquisition unit and an image reconstruction unit. Simulations of static ERT was performed on set-ups with many objects spread in a homogeneous background, and a simulation of dynamic ERT was also done on a rectangular board, the resistivity of which was changed within a small domain of it. Then, the resistivity distribution of a CFRC sample with a circlar hole as the target was detected by the ERT system. Simulation and experimental results show that the reconstructed ERT image reflects the resistivity distribution or the resistivity change of CFRC structure well. Especially, a small change in resistivity can be identified from the reconstructed images in the simulation of dynamic ERT images.     

碳纤维布加固混凝土矩形墩柱温度自应力探讨

基于平截面假定和自平衡力系条件,对碳纤维布(CFS)加固的任意形状横截面混凝土构件,建立日照辐射或骤然降温引起的温度自约束变形求解方程。推导CFS加固混凝土矩形墩柱在均匀变化、线性变化和指数变化温度梯度下的温度自应力解析式。与未加固混凝土矩形墩柱温度自应力解析式进行对比分析,结果表明,即使在均匀和线性变化温度梯度下,CFS加固矩形墩柱也会产生温度自应力;在指数变化温度梯度下,CFS中产生可观的温度自应力。所推导的自约束变形求解方程和温度自应力解析式具有一般性,适用于CFS加固混凝土构件和未加固混凝土构件。     

Does a carbon tax affect the feasibility of Arctic shipping?

The Arctic route has huge potential for shipping between Europe and Northeast Asia with significant savings in transit time and distance. However, GHG emissions from shipping would harm the environment of Arctic area. Potential Market Based Measures of GHG emission reduction (such as carbon tax) are under consideration but they may affect the economic viability of Northern Sea Route (NSR) for containerships. This paper investigates the economic viability of NSR against Suez Canal Route (SCR) under 2 proposed carbon tax schemes (fixed vs. progressive). Three different fuel oil types (Heavy Fuel Oil, Light Fuel Oil, Liquified Natural Gas) are used as main bunker fuel for the calculation of economic feasibility. Our result reveals that when there is no carbon tax on NSR nor SCR, or both routes are under a carbon tax scheme, no matter fixed or progressive, NSR is more economically viable, regardless of fuel type choice. When only NSR is under a carbon tax scheme, the viability depends on specific carbon tax scheme and fuel choice, but for the majority of containership sizes, NSR has lower unit cost. The result also suggests that for a given route, a progressive scheme in preferable than a fixed one and LNG would be an appealing fuel with lower unit cost.     

Modeling the impacts of alternative emission trading schemes on international shipping

Various market-based measures have been proposed to reduce CO₂ emissions from international shipping. One promising mechanism under consideration is the Emission Trading Scheme (ETS). This study analyzes and benchmarks the economic implications of two alternative ETS mechanisms, namely, an open ETS compared to a Maritime only ETS (METS). The analytical solutions and model calibration results allow us to quantify the impacts of alternative ETS schemes on the container shipping sector and the dry bulk shipping sector. It is found that an ETS, whether open or maritime only, will decrease shipping speed, carrier outputs and fuel consumption for both the container and dry bulk sectors, even in the presence of a “wind-fall” profit to shipping companies. Under an open ETS, the dry bulk sector will suffer from a higher proportional reduction in output than the container sector, and will thus sell more emission permits or purchase fewer permits. Under an METS, container carriers will buy emission permits from the dry bulk side. In addition, under an METS the degree of competition within one sector will have spill-over effects on the other sector. Specifically, when the sector that sells (buys) permits is more collusive (competitive), the equilibrium permit price will rise. This study provides a framework for identifying the moderating effects of market structure and competition between firms on emission reduction schemes, and emphasizes the importance of understanding the differential impacts of ETS schemes on individual sectors within an industry when considering alternative policies.     

碳纤维布在新民桥主梁加固施工中的应用

文章针对新民桥主梁板开裂情况,通过对比分析,确定采用碳纤维布加固方案,并对方案的加固原理、施工工艺及质量控制措施进行了介绍,探讨了方案的实际使用效果。     

The impact of road grade on carbon dioxide (CO2) emission of a passenger vehicle in real-world driving

To accurately estimate real-world vehicle emission at 1 Hz the road grade for each second of data must be quantified. Failure to incorporate road grade can result in over or underestimation of a vehicle’s power output and hence cause inaccuracy in the instantaneous emission estimate. This study proposes a simple LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) – GIS (Geographic Information System) road grade estimation methodology, using GIS software to interpolate the elevation for each second of data from a Digital Terrain Map (DTM). On-road carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from a passenger car were recorded by Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) over 48 test laps through an urban-traffic network. The test lap was divided into 8 sections for micro-scale analysis. The PHEM instantaneous emission model (Hausberger, 2003) was employed to estimate the total CO₂ emission through each lap and section. The addition of the LiDAR-GIS road grade to the PHEM modelling improved the accuracy of the CO₂ emission predictions. The average PHEM estimate (with road grade) of the PEMS measured section total CO₂ emission (n = 288) was 93%, with 90% of the PHEM estimates between 80% and 110% of the PEMS recorded value. The research suggests that instantaneous emission modelling with LiDAR-GIS calculated road grade is a viable method for generating accurate real-world micro-scale CO₂ emission estimates. The sensitivity of the CO₂ emission predictions to road grade was also tested by lessening and exaggerating the gradient profiles, and demonstrates that assuming a flat profile could cause considerable error in real-world CO₂ emission estimation.     

上海嘉定新城低碳道路的构建

根据低碳城市建设需求与上海嘉定新城定位,针对嘉定新城道路,设计采用了温拌型排水性沥青路面、钢渣透水人行道、绿化储碳技术与灌溉节水技术,率先在嘉定新城的临泽路成功实施,构建了低碳道路,起到了较好的工程示范作用,下一步将在嘉定新城大面积推广应用。