Abatement cost functions for incentive-based policies in the automobile market

This paper compares the outcomes of policies that target vehicle holdings with those that target vehicle usage using data from the US Consumer Expenditure Survey. Results show that a higher price of gasoline shifts vehicle holdings towards more fuel efficient vehicles and reduces the annual demand for miles, whereas imposing a fee on vehicles or a feebate program only shifts vehicle holdings towards more fuel efficient vehicles and has little to no impact on the demand for miles. While it is relatively expensive to reduce CO₂ emission through incentive-based policies, achieving any abatement level is more expensive through imposing fees on vehicles than gasoline taxes. In addition, the maximum amount of abatement attainable by a feebate program is relatively small and the same amount could be achieved by imposing a $0.73 gasoline tax per gallon.     

浅谈碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土梁的新方法

简单介绍了碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土梁的新方法,并论述了其发展状况和技术优势.     

火灾受损桥梁检测评估与加固处理

介绍回弹 超声综合法在检测评定桥梁结构遭受火灾损伤中的应用。结合实例,给出应用碳纤维布补强技术对其加固处理的方法,并通过桥梁静载试验证实加固取得了很好的效果,其思路可为处理同类病害的桥梁提供有益的参考。     

碳纤维加固混凝土梁抗弯性能的非线性有限元分析

对经碳纤维加固后的钢筋混凝土梁进行有限元非线性全过程数值模拟分析。成功地解决了有限元求解碳纤维加固混凝土梁非线性数值的收敛问题,阐述了非线性的行为。有限元计算的结果与试验结果具有较好的一致性,并对两者之间的误差所产生的原因进行了分析。结果表明,建立合理的有限元数值模型,并采用合理的求解策略,能很好的准确预测并模拟碳纤维布加固混凝土梁的抗弯性能,同时也为以后的数值研究工作奠定了基础。     

Evaluation of CO2 emissions from railway resurfacing maintenance activities

This paper is the world first to investigate the CO₂ impact of railway resurfacing in ballasted track bed maintenance. Railway resurfacing is an important routine maintenance activity that restores track geometry to ensure safety, reliability and utility of the asset. This study consisted of an extensive field data collection from resurfacing machineries (diesel-engine tamping machines, ballast regulators and ballast stabilisers) including travel distances, working distances, fuel consumption and construction methodologies. Fuel consumption was converted to a kg CO₂/m using the embodied energies of diesel. Analyses showed that tamping machines emitted the highest CO₂ emissions of the resurfacing machineries, followed by ballast regulators and ballast stabilisers respectively. Tamping machines processed 4.25 m of track per litre of diesel, ballast regulators processed 6.51 m of track per litre of diesel and ballast stabilisers processed 10.61 m of track per litre of diesel. The results were then compared to previous studies and a rigorous parametric study was carried out to consider long-term resurfacing CO₂ emissions on Australian railway track. The outcome of this study is unprecedented and it enables track engineers and construction managers to critically plan strategic rail maintenance and to develop environmental-friendly policies for track geometry and alignment restoration.     

Hybrid- and battery-electric vehicles offer low-cost climate benefits in China

Car ownership in China is expected to grow dramatically in the coming decades. If growing personal vehicle demand is met with conventional cars, the increase in greenhouse gas emissions will be substantial. One way to mitigate carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from passenger travel is to meet growing demand for cars with alternative vehicles such as hybrid- and battery-electric vehicles (HEVs and BEVs). Our study examines the cost-effectiveness of transitioning from conventional cars to HEVs and BEVs, by calculating their marginal abatement cost (MAC) of carbon in the long-run. We find that transitioning from conventional to hybrid and battery electric light-duty, four-wheel vehicles can achieve carbon emissions reductions at a negative cost (i.e. at a net benefit) in China. In 2030, the average MAC is estimated to be about −$140/ton CO₂ for HEVs and −$515/ton CO₂-saved for BEVs, varying by key parameters. The total mitigation potential of each vehicle technology is estimated to be 1.38 million tons for HEVs and 0.75 million tons for BEVs.     

CO2脱除机在白灵菇种植场所的应用研究

白灵菇是一种营养丰富的食用菌,目前在国内市场供不应求,而在其反季节种植过程中,存在着冷库内CO2浓度逐步升高,影响产量和形状的问题。为解决这些问题,介绍了新研制的一种新型的CO2脱除机,可以较好的控制反季种植中冷库内的CO2浓度。测试了冷库内不同生长阶段白灵菇产生的CO2浓度,考察了冷库内不同高度时的CO2浓度的梯度变化,以及在试验中后期冷库内CO2浓度的变化速度。提出了白灵菇反季节种植冷库中CO2脱除机的运行方式。     

碳纤维布在连拱隧道衬砌裂缝病害治理中的应用

延安至安塞高速公路墩山连拱隧道主体工程完工后,衬砌出现了不同程度的裂缝和渗漏水等病害,通过对衬砌裂缝特征、产生原因的分析,并根据裂缝的开裂程度与发展规律,采用碳纤维布对隧道衬砌裂缝进行了局部修复和整体加固补强。由于在施工过程中严格控制施工工艺和施工质量,达到了预期效果。通过碳纤维加固模拟和监测表明:衬砌裂缝得到了有效控制,支护受力处于安全状态,围岩稳定,碳纤维布加固效果显著。     

Communicating transportation carbon dioxide emissions information: Does gender impact behavioral response?

General concern and knowledge on climate change have been increasingly studied over the past decades. Gender differences have been found for general environmental concern and knowledge, but mixed findings exist with respect to climate change. In transportation, research has examined potential relations between environmental attitudes and transportation behavior, with mixed findings as well. Recently, the use of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions information to influence choice has been tested with women being found more willing to pay to reduce their personal impacts, suggesting that women are either more willing to change or that their response to information on climate change is stronger. However, those studies used CO₂ mass and studies that examined understanding of CO₂ information as a mass have found that people struggle to understand it. If concern and knowledge about climate change differ amongst individuals, then, according to theories such as the Transtheoretical Model, the type of information used to motivate choices is likely important. Using a unique data set (n = 236) it is possible to take a first look at how gender might affect concern, knowledge, and action in terms of transportation and climate change. Further, it is also possible to examine behavioral responses to transportation climate change information. Finally, an empirical analysis is conducted of the effect of how the information is presented might differ by gender. Thus, this work aims to investigate whether gender differences might contribute to the explanation of individual behavioral responses (from concern to action) in a transportation climate change context.     

‘Each flight is different’: Carbon emissions of selected flights in three geographical markets

Air travel is considered the biggest individual climate sin. Avoiding flying, however, seems impossible. In this paper we argue that the flight a passenger chooses can be significant. For this purpose we compared the carbon emissions of selected flights in three geographical markets. We found tremendous differences in the environmental performance of individual flights. Furthermore, we also found that flying with the most modern aircraft or flying non-stop represents, in many cases, the least polluting option. Nevertheless, we were able to show that there are exceptions to this rule. Based on our results, we provide recommendations to the industry and for further research.