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152.
The paper proposes a multi-class control scheme for freeway traffic networks. This control scheme combines two control strategies, i.e. ramp metering and route guidance, in order to reduce the total time spent and the total emissions in a balanced way. In particular, the ramp metering and route guidance controllers are feedback predictive controllers, i.e. they compute the control actions not only on the basis of the measured system state, but also on the basis of the prediction of the system evolution, in terms of traffic conditions and traffic emissions. Another important feature of the controllers is that they have a multi-class nature: different classes of vehicles are considered and specific control actions are computed for each class. Since the controllers are based on a set of parameters that need to be tuned, the overall control framework also includes a module to properly determine the gains of the controllers. The simulation analysis reported in the paper shows the effectiveness of the proposed control framework and, in particular, the possibility of implementing control policies that are specific for each vehicle type. 相似文献
153.
Mario Hoppema Eberhard Fahrbach Michel H. C. Stoll Hein J. W. de Baar 《Journal of Marine Systems》1999,19(4):1935
Data from two cruises, one in April/May 1996 and one in December/January 1993, covering the same wide area in the offshore Weddell Sea, were used to derive the annual extent of entrainment and the capacity of the biological pump. The former property was obtained with the help of dissolved oxygen data, whereas the latter was approximated with nutrients. Especially the data from April/May, representing the initial state of the winter surface layer, were crucial to assess the annual extent of these processes. The results were applied to our carbon dioxide data. The annual increase of the Total CO2 (TCO2) concentration in the surface layer due to vertical transport amounts to 16.3 μmol kg−1. An entrainment rate of deep water in the surface layer amounting to 35±10 m yr−1 was deduced. The compensating, biologically mediated TCO2 reduction was calculated to be larger than the TCO2 increase due to vertical transport. Since the balance of these two processes determines whether the Weddell Sea is a source or a sink of CO2, this indicates that the Weddell Sea, albeit upwelling area, is definitely a sink for atmospheric CO2 on an annual basis. This conclusion is further supported by contemplations that the biological drawdown of CO2 in the Weddell Sea as a whole is probably underestimated by our calculations. The new production for the Weddell Sea on a per unit area basis was found to be much higher than that for the Antarctic Ocean, when the latter value is being obtained by traditional biological methods. On the other hand, the CO2 uptake by the Weddell Sea on a per unit area basis is somewhat smaller than the CO2 uptake by the world ocean. 相似文献
154.
Stephen Potter Marcus Enoch 《Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment》1997,2(4):271-282
In recent years, a growing awareness of the environmental impacts of transport has played a major part in the shift towards policies to manage the demand for travel. As a result, a substantial increase in the role of public transport has been identified as necessary in any strategy towards more environmentally sustainable transport patterns. At the same time there has been a quite separate process of deregulation and the withdrawal of the state from the transport market. These two trends appear to represent potentially contradictory processes. This article draws upon two major studies that explore the relationship between increasing needs for environmental regulation and the privatisation of bus and rail services. It is shown that, as currently organised in Britain, the development of bus and rail services are inadequately linked to strategic environmental policymaking and, rather than being part of the solution to transport’s environmental impacts, there is a real danger that these ‘green’ methods of transport could slide into simply being part of the problem itself. It is concluded that privatisation and deregulation does not mean the end of the need for policy mechanisms, but they do mean that policy has to be implemented in a very different way. 相似文献
155.
Kuo-Shian Lin Debbie A. Niemeier 《Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment》1998,3(6):375-387
The commonly used photochemical air quality model, the Urban Airshed Model (UAM), requires emission estimates with grid-based, hourly resolution. In contrast, travel demand models, used to simulate the travel activity model inputs for the transportation-related emissions estimation, typically only provide traffic volumes for a specific travel period (e.g. the a.m. and p.m. peak periods). A few transportation agencies have developed procedures to allocate period-based travel demand data into hourly emission inventories for regional grid cells. Because there was no theoretical framework for disaggregating period-based volumes to hourly volumes, application of these procedures frequently relied upon a single hypothetical hourly distribution of travel volumes. This study presents a new theoretical modeling framework that integrates traffic count data and travel demand model link volume estimates to derive intra-period hourly volume estimates by trip purpose. We propose a new interpretation of the model coefficients and define hourly allocation factors by trip purpose. These allocation factors can be used to disaggregate the travel demand model ‘period-based’ simulation volumes into hourly resolution, thereby improving grid-based, hourly emission estimates in the UAM. 相似文献
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对于JS250沙滩车采用新型号化油器优化 催化剂 二次补气的排放治理方案后和原车相比,可使CO降幅62%;HC降幅61%,基本满足了欧标法规要求,此方法是国内外应用研究的少有案例。 相似文献
158.
复叠式制冷系统具有良好的应用前景,利用自然工质CO_2、NH_3做制冷剂使系统有着很大的优势;对影响复叠制冷循环性能系数的几个因素进行热力学分析,并指出此系统的特点。 相似文献
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160.
西安市机动车保有量的大量增长带来了交通尾气污染物和CO2的高强度、集中性排放,严重影响空气质量以及碳排放治理工作。因此,详细的机动车排放特征研究可以为减排措施的设定提供依据。本文研究了2007-2017年西安市不同车型、不同排放标准的车辆排放特征。研究发现:各种污染物中,CO2排放量增长最快,年均增长率为15.1%。大型客车和大型货车是NOx、PM2.5的主要来源,小型客车和大型货车是CO2的主要来源。随着排放标准的不断提高,2017年国0排放标准的车型对VOCS和CO的贡献率仅为2.7%和1.9%。对各种污染物进行归一化处理后发现,CO和NOx在机动车污染物中占比最高。 相似文献