水下自航器用锂／二氧化锰电池组的散热处理

大型锂/二氧化锰电池组作为水下自航器的动力电源,以中高倍率电流工作时,会产生大量的废热,若不及时将废热传递至外界环境（海水）时,将对电池组的安全性产生恶劣影响。文中分析了锂/二氧化锰电池的热源和电池组的传热过程,并测量了电池的热功率,通过模拟电池组的废热功率探索了散热处理方法对电池组温度的影响。在水下自航器用锂/二氧化锰电池组设计时,采用综合散热处理方法能够合理控制电池组的温度,且有一定的温度冗余量。     

High-speed rail's potential for the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions from short haul aviation: a longitudinal study of modal substitution from an energy generation and renewable energy perspective

Abstract

This paper quantifies and evaluates, utilising a ‘bottom-up’ approach, the effect on CO₂ emissions of a modal shift from short-haul air travel to high-speed rail (HSR), based on projected passenger movements, between Sydney and Melbourne, Australia during the period 2010–2030. To date, peer-reviewed studies assessing the CO₂ emissions from these competing modes of high-speed transportation have been restricted principally to a cross-sectional assessment, with a Eurocentric bias. This present comparative study seeks to address a gap in the literature by assessing, longitudinally, the CO₂ emissions associated with the proposed operation of HSR against the ‘business-as-usual’ air scenario between Sydney and Melbourne. Under the assumed 50/50 modal shift, and the Australian government's current renewable electricity target, an annual reduction in CO₂ emissions of approximately 14% could be achieved when compared with a ‘business-as-usual’ air scenario. This percentage reduction represents a 62 kt reduction in base year, 2010, and a 114 kt reduction in the final year, 2030. In total, the overall reduction achieved by such a modal shift, under the assumed conditions, during the period 2010–2030, equates to approximately 1.87 Mt of CO₂. Importantly, if the electrical energy supply for HSR operations was further ‘decarbonised’, then it follows that a greater emission reduction would be achieved.     

A simulation of transit bus emissions along an urban corridor: Evaluating changes under various service improvement strategies

This study investigates the impacts of transit improvement strategies on bus emissions along a busy corridor in Montreal, Canada. The local transit provider, Société de Transport de Montréal, has implemented a number of strategies which include the use of smart cards, limited-stop (express bus) service, and reserved bus lanes along this corridor. Using data collected on-board for instantaneous speeds and stop-level ridership, we estimated bus emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants at three levels: road segment, bus-stop, and per passenger. A regression of segment-level emissions against a number of explanatory variables reveals that reserved bus lanes and express bus service reduce emissions significantly. On the other hand, smart card use reduces idling emissions compared to other fare payment methods. Our findings are of most relevance for transit planners who are seeking to implement different strategies to reduce emissions and improve transit performance.     

城市公路隧道二氧化氮浓度控制及通风方案研究

在含有二氧化氮（NO2）的环境中,过高的二氧化氮浓度对人体的危害很大,但在公路隧道设计规范中,却没有对二氧化氮浓度排放标准进行规定。为了保证城市公路隧道行驶机动车内人的健康、卫生和隧道的营运安全,以某隧道（620m）工程为例,结合隧道智能监控系统数据分析,提出在城市公路隧道内二氧化氮浓度的排放限值,以及相应的通风方案,为城市公路隧道监控系统软件设计提供参考。     

机动车尾气污染对居民出行选择的影响

机动车尾气排放造成的空气污染对人体健康的危害逐渐被医学界证实。城市居民选择交通工具以及出行路线时,道路机动车尾气污染会影响其选择行为。文中通过居民出行问卷调查证实部分出行者会采取规避行为降低机动车尾气污染对个人健康的危害,建立表征出行者与污染气体接触程度的曝露指数模型,通过数据拟合建立增量时间转化模型,以出行时间增加值的形式定量得到机动车尾气污染对居民出行的影响程度,对离散选择模型的效用函数进行了修正,并给出了算例。     

控制轿车加油排放的ORVR技术综述

针对安装在轿车油箱上的控制加油排放的车载加油蒸气回收装置(ORVR)进行研究,并且将ORVR与二级汽油回收系统(StageⅡ)的控制排放效果进行比较,结果表明,采用ORVR技术的控制效果更好,而且成本低,有必要全面实施ORVR控制系统。     

燃用不同地区燃油时过量空气系数对汽车发动机排放性能影响的分析

首先分析了我国7大地区燃油组分的特点;然后着重选用西南地区和华中地区的燃油进行发动机试验,适当调整过量空气系数,测试其CO、CO2、HC和NOx等排放的变化.结果表明基于不同地区燃油芳烃、烯烃组分的特点,适当调整过量空气系数,可使发动机的排放有所降低.     

The trade-off between trips and distance traveled in analyzing the emissions impacts of center-based telecommuting

Several travel indicators were compared between telecommuting (TC) days and non-telecommuting days for a sample of 72 center-based telecommuters in California. Distance traveled decreased significantly on TC days, with average reductions of 51 person-miles (58%) and 35 vehicle-miles (53%). When weighted by telecommuting frequency, average reductions of 11.9% in PMT and 11.5% in VMT were found over a five-day work week. Person-trips and vehicle-trips increased slightly (but not significantly) on TC days. This was due to statistically significant increases in commute trips by telecommuters (who more often went home for lunch on their TC days), partly counteracted by decreases in non-commute travel. The drive-alone mode share increased on TC days, both for all trips, and for commute trips in particular. Walking and biking shares also increased modestly on TC days, whereas shares of transit and ridesharing declined. Despite the increase in trip rates, TC-day reductions were found for all pollutants analyzed: 15% for total organic gas emissions, 21% for carbon monoxide, 35% for oxides of nitrogen, and 51% for particulate matter. The reduction in VMT more than compensated for the marginal increase in number of trips (and consequently, cold starts) on telecommuting days.     

潜艇舱室固态胺CO2清除技术的化学热力学分析

依据有关文献提供的热力学状态函数值,分水蒸气再生和真空再生2种工况,近似计算了标准状态和实际状况下固态胺吸附与解吸CO2反应的平衡与程度,并讨论了温度、湿度和CO2分压等对其所产生的影响。     

价值工程理论在沥青混合料碳排放减排措施中的应用

沥青混合料碳排放减排措施是降低碳排放的有效手段,而对减排措施的选择将直接影响工程的质量和经济效益。本文运用价值工程理论的基本原理与方法,论述价值工程在减排措施选择中的应用方法和步骤,并结合工程实例,对减排措施方案的选择进行研究。结果表明,运用价值工程理论的方法可以择优确定沥青混合料碳排放减排措施。