碳纤维复合材料在桥梁工程中的应用

简要介绍碳纤维复合材料(CFRP)的材料特性和在新建桥梁结构及危旧桥补强加固等工程中的应用。并展望了该种材料在今后的发展与应用前景。     

Seasonal study of dissolved CH4, CO2 and N2O in a shallow tidal system of the bay of Cádiz (SW Spain)

During 2004, 10 samplings were performed in order to measure dissolved methane (CH₄), carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) in the surface waters of Río San Pedro, a tidal creek in the salt marsh area of the Bay of Cádiz (SW Spain). The inner partvs of the creek is affected by the inputs coming from an intensive fish farm and the drainage of an extensive salt marsh area.Dissolved CH₄, CO₂ and N₂O concentrations ranged from 11 to 88 nM, 36 to 108 μM and 14 to 50 nM, respectively. Surface waters were in all cases oversaturated with respect to the atmosphere, reaching values of up to 5000% for CH₄, 1240% for CO₂ and 840% for N₂O. Dissolved CH₄, CO₂ and N₂O showed a significant tidal and seasonal variability. Over a tidal cycle, concentrations were always highest during low tide, which points to the influence of the inputs from the fish farm effluent and the drainage of the adjacent salt marsh area, as well as in situ production within the system. Dissolved CH₄, CO₂ and N₂O seasonal patterns were similar and showed maximum concentrations in summer conditions. Using four different parameterizations to calculate the gas transfer coefficients [Liss, P.S. and Merlivat, L., 1986. Air-sea exchange rates: introduction and synthesis. In P. Buat-Ménard (Ed.), The Role of Air-Sea Exchanges in Geochemical Cycling. Reidel, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, p. 113–127.; Clark, J.F., Schlosser, P., Simpson, H.J., Stute, M., Wanninkhof, R., and Ho, D.T., 1995. Relationship between gas transfer velocities and wind speeds in the tidal Hudson River determined by the dual tracer technique. In: B. Jähne and E. Monahan (Eds.), Air-Water Gas Transfer: AEON Verlag and Studio, Hanau, Germany, pp. 785–800.; Carini, S., Weston, N., Hopkinson, G., Tucker, J., Giblin, A. and Vallino, J., 1996. Gas exchanges rates in the Parker River estuary, Massachusetts. Biol. Bull., 191: 333–334.; Kremer, J.N., Reischauer, A. and D'Avanzo, C., 2003. Estuary-specific variation in the air-water gas exchange coefficient for oxygen. Estuaries, 26: 829–836.], the averaged air–water fluxes of CH₄, CO₂ and N₂O from the creek to the atmosphere ranged between 34 and 150 μmol CH₄ m^− 2 day^− 1, 73 and 177 mmol CO₂ m^− 2 day^− 1 and 24 and 62 μmol N₂O m⁻² day⁻¹, respectively.     

Measurement of soot oxidation with No<Subscript>2</Subscript>-O<Subscript>2</Subscript>-H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O in a flow reactor simulating diesel engine DPF

Understanding the mechanism of carbon oxidation is important for the successful modeling of diesel particulate filter regeneration. Characteristics of soot oxidation were investigated with carbon black (Printex-U). A flow reactor system that could simulate the condition of a diesel particulate filter and diesel exhaust gas was designed. Kinetic constants were derived and the reaction mechanisms were proposed using the experimental results and a simple reaction scheme, which approximated the overall oxidation process in TPO as well as CTO. From the experiments, the apparent activation energy for carbon oxidation with NO₂-O₂-H₂O was determined to be 40±2 kJ/mol, with the first order of carbon in the range of 10∼90% oxidation and a temperature range of 250∼500°C. This value was exceedingly lower than the activation energy of NO₂-O₂ oxidation, which was 60±3 kJ/mol. When NO₂ exists with O₂ and H₂O, the reaction rate increases in proportion to NO₂. It increases nonlinearly with O₂ or H₂O concentration when the other two oxidants are fixed.     

跨界互联:海南新能源汽车赋能低碳旅游产业

本文主要介绍了海南新能源汽车的发展现状,阐述了低碳旅游产业的内涵特征,从理论角度分析交通碳足迹对低碳旅游产业的影响因素,通过总结海南新能源汽车赋能低碳旅游产业的模式,引出产业融合的可持续性发展重要意义.     

Comparing carbon dioxide emissions of trucking and intermodal container transport in Taiwan

This paper examines carbon dioxide emissions of truck-only transportation using activity-based emission modelling and compares those with intermodal coastal shipping and truck movements. The results reveal that replacing long-haul truck transport with the intermodal can significantly reduce carbon dioxide emission significantly because of the efficiency of maritime fuel.     

Comparisons of the environmental footprint of heavy vehicles in the UK and Switzerland

The European Union project Eureka Logchain Footprint is an ongoing project to identify road and rail vehicles by means of their environmental footprint as characterised by dynamic load, noise, ground borne vibrations and gaseous emissions induced by the vehicle. Part of the project involves the installation of road and rail footprint monitoring stations throughout Europe. This paper presents results of the road stations in Switzerland and the UK. Individual vehicle data from weigh-in-motion and noise are compared. The results indicate that a significant number of vehicles surpass the limits set in both countries. It was shown that the UK sites are generating higher noise levels than their Swiss counterparts; in part due to the much coarser aggregate embedded in the running course of the pavement employed in the UK. Such data can be used to create an incentive for vehicle types with a low footprint and a penalty for vehicles with a large footprint.     

Assessing carbon footprint and energy efficiency in competing supply chains: Review - Case studies and benchmarking

This article compares the energy consumption and CO₂ emissions of supply chains in Belgium, France and UK looking in particular at, jeans, yogurts, apples, tomatoes and furniture. We use a generic methodology that allows comparability across the supply chain of products, supply chains, and countries. Our benchmarking show relatively high emissions for maritime transport and the consumer leg, while logistics activities such as storage and road freight exhibit relatively low emissions. The influences of distance, retail type, area density and consumer behaviour are also examined.     

Computer Predictions and Experimental Verification of Residual Stresses and Distortion in Carburizing-Quenching of Steel

IntroductionInordertoobtainimprovedmechanicalpropertiesandfatiguestrengthofmachinecomponents,stlchasgears,shaftsandsoon,carburizing-quenchingprocessasamethodofstirfacehardeningisoftenusedinindustry.Howevef,carbtirizing-quenchingisusuallyaccompaniedwithcarbonconcentrationandleadtodistortion,residualstressesandhardnessofsteelparts.Theeffectofcarboncontentisspeciallysignificantonphasetransformationbel1aviorThispaPerwillpresentthesimulationresultsoftheresidualstressfieldanddistortionofasteelcylin…     

桥梁加固维修技术应用

桥梁加固成为一个日益迫切的需求,但在国内尚缺乏针对桥梁加固的技术规范。本文通过应用实例,总结桥梁加固技术的一些经验,并对相关规范在桥梁加固上的应用提出一些建议。     

石墨含量与粒度对PPS基碳质摩擦材料性能的影响

对聚苯硫醚（PPS）中添加不同石墨含量与粒度的摩擦材料与纯树脂材料的摩擦学特性进行比较研究,从而确定石墨含量和粒度对摩擦材料特性的影响规律,为正确设计碳质摩擦材料的配方奠定基础。试验结果表明,当石墨含量增加时,材料的硬度和抗压强度逐渐下降,材料的摩擦因数则先降后升;当石墨粒度不断细化时,材料硬度增加,而抗压强度和摩擦因数都下降;随着石墨含量的增加,磨损机制从粘着磨损和磨粒磨损为主逐渐过渡到磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损为主。