Productivity,efficiency and technical change in the European railways: A non-parametric approach

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the evolution of productivity in the European railways in the period 1970–95. We use a non-parametric approach that enables changes in productivity to be broken down into variations in efficiency and technical change. The results indicate that the productivity growth is concentrated in the last period (1985–95), when the majority of the companies undertook processes of reforms. This increase in productivity is mainly due to technical progress. We also analyse the determinants of efficiency and, unlike other papers, the technical change, finding that the greater the degree of autonomy and financial independence, the higher the efficiency levels and technical change. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

轿车空调风道的计算流体动力学分析

本文利用三维不可压缩流体的k-ε湍流模型，供助计算流体动力学（CFD）方法，建立了结构复杂的轿车风道模型，以某典型轿车空调系统风道为例，分别在制冷、取暖工况下，对其主体部分的流动特性进行分析，部分分析结果与实验进行了对比。     

提高阻挡大型机动车辆路障效率的研究

随着当今世界各国对安全的重视和汽车炸弹恐怖袭击的层出不断,防恐机动车阻挡路障的研究和应用成为重要课题。本文主要针对阻挡大型高速货车类车辆的路障进行了试验研究,利用LS-DAYNA建立了和试验结果吻合的有限元模型。参考美国DOS(Department of State)标准关于机动车阻挡路障的要求,通过模拟计算方法研究了如何提高对大型高速车辆的阻挡效率、减少车辆穿过路障距离的方案。模拟和试验表明,所提方案可以有效地阻挡大型车辆,对提高我国相关产品的性能并使之与国际标准接轨有重要指导作用。     

CO2 efficiency in road freight transportation: Status quo, measures and potential

Road freight transport continues to grow in Germany and generates 6% of the country’s CO₂ emissions. In logistics, many decisions influence the energy efficiency of trucks, but causalities are not well understood. Little work has been done on quantifying the potential for further CO₂ reduction and the effect of specific activities, such as introducing computer assisted scheduling systems to trucking firms. A survey was survey out and linked fuel consumption to transport performance parameters in 50 German haulage companies during 2003. Emission efficiency ranged from 0.8 tonne-km to 26 tonne-km for 1 kg CO₂ emissions. The results show potential for improvements given a low level of vehicle usage and load factor levels, scarce use of lightweight vehicle design, poorly selected vehicles and a high proportion of empty runs. IT-based scheduling systems with telematic application for data communication, positioning and navigation show positive effects on efficiency. Fuel use and transport performance was measured before and after the introduction of these systems.     

The analysis of regulation on private highway investment under a build-operate-transfer scheme

The build-operate-transfer (BOT) approach has become an attractive instrument for public facility provision, especially for a project that faces difficulty with public finance. This study analyzes the regulation alternatives on private highway investment under a BOT scheme and their impacts on traffic flows, travel costs, toll, capacity, and social welfare (total user-benefit in the traffic system including congestion). For comparison, five cases are analyzed: (1) No BOT with maximizing welfare, (2) No BOT with breaking even on finance, (3) BOT without regulation, (4) BOT with a minimum flow constraint (the total users will not be less than those in Case 1), and (5) BOT with a maximum travel cost constraint (the travel cost for users on a non-tolled road will not exceed the maximum tolerance). After each case is modeled and simulated on some functional forms, we find that the case of BOT with regulations performs between the cases of maximizing welfare and that of maximizing profit. From the perspective of the government, regulation has less power in a project with low elastic demand. Furthermore, even when the regulation is strict, a high cost-efficient firm with BOT could result in a higher level of social welfare than that without a BOT scheme.     

RV传动的研究

RV传动是在摆线针轮行星传动的基础上发展起来的一种新型传动。本文分析了RV传动的原理、特点、效率及结构,较深入地研究了RV传动在运转的不同位置的受力分析。     

水位变动较大河道环保疏浚与底泥处置方案

为解决水位变动较大河道的环保疏浚与底泥处置问题,基于山美水库进库河道段疏浚工程,总结如何合理地选择疏浚时机,采用适合特定水位下的疏浚设备统筹施工,利用太阳能自然干化降低底泥含水率,从而提高生产效率、节约成本,为后续工程提供经验借鉴。     

从效率角度谈城市轨道交通的规划、建设和运营

面对国内各大中城市正在掀起的轨道交通建设高潮,从规划、建设、运营和管理等角度,阐述了对目前城市轨道交通建设过程中有关效率问题的看法,以及如何提高城市轨道交通效率的一些体会.并指出合理的线网规划是发挥效率的根本,合适的建设标准是发挥效率的保证,科学的运营管理是发挥效率的关键.     

氨和甲醇等燃料供给系统设计对比及仿真

为满足国际海事组织（International Maritime Organization, IMO）对船舶主机COx、SOx和NOx排放的要求,基于MAN主机燃料进机需求,对多种清洁低碳燃料系统的设计进行对比分析。分别针对氨、甲醇和液化石油气（Liquefied Petroleum Gas, LPG）等燃料开展关键问题解决方案对比,并运用计算流体动力学（Computation Fluid Dynamics, CFD）方法对燃料系统回液方式进行仿真。仿真结果显示：在LPG回液管路上设计可调减压元件,能在1.8~2.3 MPa压力区间内实现燃料再利用,有效形成闭式循环回路;当损耗系数K为500~6 500时,供给LPG主机的燃料压力满足5.1~5.5 MPa的要求。对比分析表明,在LPG燃料供给系统上调整供给泵参数和回液损耗系数K,即可使该系统应用于氨燃料供给系统设计中。     

航行中船舶纵向齿轮机构机械效率的实验验证

船舶在波浪中航行时,船舶的总体弯曲变形会使沿船体纵向布置齿轮机构的轴承座中心距产生缩减,从而可能使齿轮机构处于双面啮合工作状态[1]。文献[2]推导了在该双面啮合工作状态时沿船体纵向布置齿轮机构机械效率的理论计算公式。本文着重以一种简单的实验测定方法对该理论计算公式进行验证。实验测定表明,理论计算结果与实验测定值接近,理论计算公式切合实际。