Micro-simulation of daily activity-travel patterns for travel demand forecasting

The development and initial validation results of a micro-simulator for the generation of daily activity-travel patterns are presented in this paper. The simulator assumes a sequential history and time-of-day dependent structure. Its components are developed based on a decomposition of a daily activity-travel pattern into components to which certain aspects of observed activity-travel behavior correspond, thus establishing a link between mathematical models and observational data. Each of the model components is relatively simple and is estimated using commonly adopted estimation methods and existing data sets. A computer code has been developed and daily travel patterns have been generated by Monte Carlo simulation. Study results show that individuals' daily travel patterns can be synthesized in a practical manner by micro-simulation. Results of validation analyses suggest that properly representing rigidities in daily schedules is important in simulating daily travel patterns. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Performance measures and data requirements for congestion management systems

Many metropolitan areas have started programs to monitor the performance of their transportation network and to develop systems to measure and manage congestion. This paper presents a review of issues, procedures, and examples of application of geographic information system (GIS) technology to the development of congestion management systems (CMSs). The paper examines transportation network performance measures and discusses the benefit of using travel time as a robust, easy to understand performance measure. The paper addresses data needs and examines the use of global positioning system (GPS) technology for the collection of travel time and speed data. The paper also describes GIS platforms and sample user interfaces to process the data collected in the field, data attribute requirements and database schemas, and examples of application of GIS technology for the production of maps and tabular reports.     

基于复杂网络的中国出口集装箱运价指数波动规律

借助符号动力学方法构建中国出口集装箱运价指数(CCFI)波动复杂网络模型,通过分析网络的模态强度及强度分布、加权聚集系数、平均最短路径长度、模态介数等动力学拓扑性质,研究集装箱运价波动的一般规律. 研究发现,集装箱运价波动网络具有小世界网络和无标度网络的特性,集装箱运价波动表现出群簇性、周期性、持续性和渐进性的规律. 波动子群内模态转换周期不超过2 个月,但子群外模态转换平均周期为3.8 个月,集装箱运价群簇性波动通过点强度低介数高的模态进行转换. 基于复杂网络理论的集装箱运价波动规律研究,为政府部门及航运企业加强集装箱运价波动风险的认知与防范提供了一种新视角.     

马来西亚科美纳河口地形演变及沉积趋势

在现场勘测及有关资料分析的基础上 ,从地貌特征及沉积特征方面对研究区域的泥沙来源、运移趋势及河口治理问题进行了分析 ,对导堤的布设与所产生的变化进行了深入的论证     

Spatiotemporal evolution of China’s railway network in the 20th century: An accessibility approach

The interrelatedness of transportation development and economic growth has been a constant theme of geographic inquiries, particularly in economic and transportation geography. This paper analyzes the expansion of China’s railway network, the evolution of its spatial accessibility, and the impacts on economic growth and urban systems over a time span of about one century (1906–2000). First, major historical events and policies and their effects on railway development in China are reviewed and grouped into four major eras: preliminary construction, network skeleton, corridor building, and deep intensification. All four eras followed a path of “inland expansion.” Second, spatial distribution of accessibility and its evolution are analyzed. The spatial structure of China’s railway network is characterized by “concentric rings” with its major axis in North China and the most accessible city gradually migrating from Tianjin to Zhengzhou. Finally, the study indicates that railway network expansion has significantly improved economic development and heavily influenced the formation of urban systems in China.     

任意结构形状传感器阵方向图的最佳化

本文介绍一种处理传感器阵方向图最佳化问题的新方法,即所谓凹槽噪声场法。这种方法将通过计算机仿真来实现。原理上说,这种方法可以用来计算任意结构传感器阵的最佳权系数矢量和最佳方向图,以满足主瓣方向和宽度的要求,并使旁瓣级为最小。因此这种方法有可能用来解决传感器阵设计、应用中的许多实际问题,例如少数传感器失效、阵的尺寸误差过大,单个传感器的方向图互不一致,以及阵的结构形状复杂等。文中提供了一些计算实例,以说明本方法的优点,包括有一个“随机阵”的方向性设计。     

Real-time congestion pricing strategies for toll facilities

This paper analyzes the dynamic traffic assignment problem on a two-alternative network with one alternative subject to a dynamic pricing that responds to real-time arrivals in a system optimal way. Analytical expressions for the assignment, revenue and total delay in each alternative are derived as a function of the pricing strategy. It is found that minimum total system delay can be achieved with many different pricing strategies. This gives flexibility to operators to allocate congestion to either alternative according to their specific objective while maintaining the same minimum total system delay. Given a specific objective, the optimal pricing strategy can be determined by finding a single parameter value in the case of HOT lanes. Maximum revenue is achieved by keeping the toll facility at capacity with no queues for as long as possible. Guidelines for implementation are discussed.     

Road pricing for congestion and accident externalities for mixed traffic of motorcycles and automobiles

Motorcycles play an important role in sharing the trip demand with automobiles for commuting, especially in many cities in Asia. However, the accident cost of a trip by motorcycle is higher than that of an automobile. This study analyzes the road pricing for the congestion and accident externalities of mixed traffic of automobiles and motorcycles. A model for equilibrium trips with no taxation and that for optimal trips with taxation are explored. The model is then applied to the Tucheng City–Banciao City–Taipei central business district corridor in Taipei metropolitan area. The findings in this case study show that the tax for accident externality is larger than that for congestion externality.     

An integrated real-time traffic signal system for transit signal priority,incident detection and congestion management

This paper presents a traffic control system that can work standalone to handle various boundary conditions of the recurrent, non-recurrent congestion, transit signal priority and downstream blockage conditions to improve the overall traffic network vehicular productivity and efficiency. The control system uses field detectors’ data to determine the boundary conditions of all incoming and exit links. The developed system is interfaced with CORSIM micro-simulation for rigorous evaluations with different types of signal phase settings. The comparative performance of this control logic is quite satisfactory for some of the most frequently used phase settings in the network with a high number of junctions under highly congested conditions.     

A phase-based smoothing method for accurate traffic speed estimation with floating car data

In this paper, a novel freeway traffic speed estimation method based on probe data is presented. In contrast to other traffic speed estimators, it only requires velocity data from probes and does not depend on any additional data inputs such as density or flow information. In the first step the method determines the three traffic phases free flow, synchronized flow, and Wide Moving Jam (WMJ) described by Kerner et al. in space and time. Subsequently, reported data is processed with respect to the prevailing traffic phase in order to estimate traffic velocities. This two-step approach allows incorporating empirical features of phase fronts into the estimation procedure. For instance, downstream fronts of WMJs always propagate upstream with approximately constant velocity, and downstream fronts of synchronized flow phases usually stick to bottlenecks. The second step assures the validity of measured velocities is limited to the extent of its assigned phase. Effectively, velocity information in space-time can be estimated more distinctively and the result is therefore more accurate even if the input data density is low.The accuracy of the proposed Phase-Based Smoothing Method (PSM) is evaluated using real floating car data collected during two traffic congestions on the German freeway A99 and compared to the performance of the Generalized Adaptive Smoothing Method (GASM) as well as a naive algorithm. The quantitative and qualitative results show that the PSM reconstructs the congestion pattern more accurately than the other two. A subsequent analysis of the computational efficiency and sensitivity demonstrates its practical suitability.