车辆荷载作用下应力吸收层阻裂效果分析

文章通过建立平面应变模型,对比分析了车辆荷载作用下有无设置应力吸收层的沥青加铺层结构的裂缝尖端应力和应变场变化情况。结果表明,应力吸收层能有效改善结构裂缝尖端应力和应变场,具有良好的阻裂效果。     

Automated vision inspection of rail surface cracks: A double-layer data-driven framework

A double-layer data-driven framework for the automated vision inspection of the rail surface cracks is proposed in this paper. Based on images of rails, the proposed framework is capable to detect the location of cracks firstly and next automatically obtain the boundary of cracks via a feature-based linear iterative crack aggregation (FLICA). Extended Haar-like features are applied to develop significant features for identifying cracks in images. Built on extended Haar-like features, a cascading classifier ensemble integrating three single cascading classifiers with a major voting scheme is proposed to decide the presence of cracks in the image. Each single cascading classifier is composed of a sequence of stage classifiers trained by the LogitBoost algorithm. A scalable sliding window carrying the cascading classifier ensemble is applied to scan images of rail tracks, which is identified by the Otsu’s method, and detect cracks. After completing the crack registration in the first layer, the FLICA is developed to discover boundaries of cracks. The effectiveness of the proposed data-driven framework for identifying rail surface cracks is validated with the rail images provided by the China Railway Corporation and Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway (MRT). Six benchmarking methods, the Otsu’s method, mean shift, the visual detection system, the geometrical approach, fully convolutional networks and the U-net, are utilized to prove advantages of the proposed framework. Results of the validation and comparative analyses demonstrate that the proposed framework is most effective in the rail surface crack detection.     

钢轨闪光焊焊接接头轨面横向裂纹成因分析

针对秦沈线17处钢轨闪光焊焊接接头轨面产生的横向裂纹,通过在伤损部位取样,分别进行洛氏硬度、金相组织和显微硬度等试验,结合焊轨生产的实际,分析裂纹形成原因。认为所检闪光焊焊接接头的裂纹起源于钢轨表面的白亮层马氏体组织,并在外力作用下扩展进入正常的珠光体组织区域,裂纹深度达到5mm。研究钢轨精磨方式与焊缝凸起之间的关系,得出:对矫直后具有明显焊缝凸起的焊接接头进行精磨时有可能因打磨中进刀量过大,引起钢轨局部机械热损伤,造成局部金属的急速高温和急速冷却,形成高硬度的脆性白亮层马氏体组织,是导致焊接接头轨面产生裂纹的根本原因。建议进一步研究钢轨焊接生产打磨工艺规范以及客运专线铁路钢轨的预打磨规范,避免钢轨及焊接接头出现马氏体组织。     

840D车轮辐板孔裂纹成因的强度及疲劳分析

采用大型通用商业分析软件Abaqus及Ansys,计算840D车轮在典型工况下的应力分布。计算分析表明:在坡道制动、机械载荷和停车制动3种典型工况作用下车轮辐板孔外侧处于受压状态,内侧处于受拉状态,而且应力幅值较大,是疲劳薄弱点;坡道制动工况与机械载荷工况的组合作用,是车轮辐板孔边产生高应力的主要因素;在相同制动工况下,车轮辐板孔边应力随着轮辋厚度的减小而增大,随着辐板孔向轮辋偏移量增大而增大;机械载荷工况与坡道制动工况的组合作用是导致各种车轮辐板孔疲劳裂纹萌生的主要原因;机械载荷工况与停车制动工况的组合作用对车轮辐板孔边萌生疲劳裂纹的影响相对较小。     

浅谈混凝土施工裂缝防治

在许多的情况下,混凝土裂缝经常出现,就其原因来说,归结于设计原因和施工原因、意外的运营使用原因三种,引起裂缝的原因中约有百分之八十来至施工,本文根据作者在多年的施工中发现的一些裂缝,略作浅析。     

桥梁工程中大体积混凝土裂缝的原因与防治

针对大体积混凝土裂缝产生的原因，阐述了裂缝的预防与处理。     

劈裂注浆能耗分析

假设土体服从摩尔库仑破坏准则,劈裂注浆的劈裂是指土体在注浆压力作用下压缩屈服和浆液的楔入。将压缩过程视为无限土体中的圆孔扩张问题,根据注浆过程中能耗区土体在注浆压力和静止土压力作用下的应力、应变和体变关系,以及注浆扩孔过程中的能量和体变守恒原理及土体的屈服准则,推导出劈裂注浆的初始启劈注浆压力求解公式。利用该求解公式计算的结果与现场试验结果较为吻合。从能量耗散角度,分析土体在劈裂注浆过程中的能量耗散,可以得出:劈裂注浆过程中主要的能量消耗在土体的劈裂、土体的裂缝延伸及土体的塑性变形上,其他方面的能量消耗相对较少。     

Study of fatigue crack nucleation processes by crystalline FE analysis

 In order to accumulate knowledge about how material compositions and manufacturing methods affect fatigue strength, this paper investigates the relationship between the swiftness of the changes in the macroscopic indices of the crack initiation process and the hardening properties of a material. This is done by calculating the cyclic deformation behavior of a f.c.c. single crystal. The relationship between the swiftness of the changes and the crystal geometries is also examined by calculating the deformation behavior of a f.c.c. crystal with a high Schmid factor buried in a large crystal with a low Schmid factor. In addition, a multiscale hardening rule based on forest theory is developed in order to examine the microscopic mechanisms of fatigue slip band (persistent slip bands, PSBs) formation. The validity of the theories presented is examined by comparing the changing nature of the measured and calculated hysteresis loop shapes of f.c.c. single crystals. Inhomogenous slip deformation through the crystal is also investigated, and inferences are then drawn about the microscopic mechanisms of cyclic hardening and PSB formation. Received: August 5, 2002 / Accepted: December 18, 2002 Address correspondence to: N. Osawa (osawa@naoe.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp) Updated from the Japanese original, which won the 2002 SNAJ prize (J Soc Nav Archit Jpn 1998;184:351–363, 1999;185:283–292 and 186:535–544, 2001;190:539–551)     

浅谈混凝土桥梁裂缝

浅谈了混凝土桥梁裂缝的分类、产生原因及预防处理措施.     

孔洞尺寸效应对岩石单轴压缩力学强度及破坏特征影响试验研究

为了研究孔洞尺寸效应对岩石力学强度的影响,利用岩石伺服压力机对含不同孔洞直径的岩石进行单轴压缩,并通过高速摄像机记录其破坏特征及裂纹扩展过程,从裂纹扩展角度阐述强度弱化机理。研究表明:(1)随着孔洞直径的增大,其抗压强度随之而减小,但降低速率逐渐减小;(2)起裂裂纹类型控制脱落面积,进而影响岩石宏观力学强度;(3)孔洞直径为6 mm、8 mm试样起裂裂纹为反向拉伸裂纹,反向拉伸裂纹扩展很短;孔洞直径为10 mm、12 mm试样起裂裂纹为正向拉伸裂纹,最终贯穿试验边界的均为正向拉伸裂纹。