A stochastic optimization approach for the selection of reflective cracking mitigation techniques

PurposeIn Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) overlays, the existing cracks in the underlying pavements can propagate upward to the new added overlay and may cause Reflective Cracks (RC). These cracks allow water infiltration to the underlying layers and causes further moisture damage as well as weakening the unbound layers. Over the years, several methods have been developed for mitigating the RCs. This study aims to investigate the current reflective cracking mitigation methods and develop a methodology for the selection of appropriate mitigation technique. The developed model is then applied to a case study in the state of Florida.MethodTo accomplish this goal, a nationwide literature review was conducted to better understand the current in practice methods in the United States. Moreover, a life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) in five different road types was performed to find the annuity of roadway rehabilitation for each of the mitigation methods. The uncertainty in the LCCA results is represented using Exploratory Modeling and Analysis (EMA) method. Then through a Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) model, a stochastic optimization model was developed to find the appropriate reflective cracking mitigation solution under Florida’s climate and road conditions, based on different cost and performance weights.ResultsBased on the available data for the state of Florida, the LCCA results indicate that the annuity of maintaining the roadway with Fabrics and ISAC are lower compared to other methods. However, the results of stochastic optimization model reveal that while looking at the performance and cost at the same time, different methods would be more feasible. For instance, while the cost of the used method does not matter at all and only performance matters, STRATA® is more probable to be the appropriate mitigation technique. The findings of this research are critical for decision makers to better understand the most cost-effective mitigation technique in different conditions.     

A new composite decision support framework for strategic and sustainable transport appraisals

This paper concerns the development of a new decision support framework for the appraisal of transport infrastructure projects. In such appraisals there will often be a need for including both conventional transport impacts as well as criteria of a more strategic and/or sustainable character. The proposed framework is based on the use of cost-benefit analysis featuring feasibility risk assessment in combination with multi-criteria decision analysis and is supported by the concept of decision conferencing. The framework is applied for a transport related case study dealing with the complex decision problem of determining the most attractive alternative for a new fixed link between Denmark and Sweden – the so-called HH-connection. Applying the framework to the case study made it possible to address the decision problem from an economic, a strategic, and a sustainable point of view simultaneously. The outcome of the case study demonstrates the decision making framework as a valuable decision support system (DSS), and it is concluded that appraisals of transport projects can be effectively supported by the use of the DSS. Finally, perspectives of the future modelling work are given.     

基于KFS分布式文件系统元数据模型的改进

研究了云计算环境下的分布式文件系统KFS的系统架构,对于海量数据存储的云存储系统来说元数据管理效率是关键,通过分析KFS文件系统的元数据模型,提出了基于KFS分布式文件系统元数据的改进模型,即利用内存缓冲策略,对待插入的元数据进行预处理并批量插入,减少查找和分裂次数,大大提高了KFS文件系统的数据访问效率.最后通过算法复杂度的分析,证明该改进算法能有效提高分布式文件系统KFS的元数据服务器的效率.同时该改进模型对于采用B^＋树索引机制来集中管理元数据的类似系统同样适用.     

城市燃气管道第三方损坏的评价方法

第三方损坏评价是指对由于各种外力作用而使管道受损的可能性进行分级.根据影响第三方损坏因素的情况,采用故障树分析法和模糊综合评判法相结合的数学模型进行评价.通过故障树分析,得到引起第三方损坏的各种因素的重要度.再将之作为模糊综合评判法的权重向量,求得第三方损坏的综合评判向量,最后按照最大隶属度原则确定各管段第三方损坏可能性的等级.     

货车变速器失效树分析

本文通过对货车五档变速器的失效树分析，提供了对变速器失效原因及其发生概率的设计分析方法，从而确定系统失效原因的各种组合方式，以便采取相应的改进措施来延缓失效发生的时刻，为提高变速器的使用可靠性提供依据。     

基于改进的模糊决策树ETC系统客户欺诈分析研究

随着我国ETC系统的普及，对其进行管理成了急需解决的问题，因利用电子标签和智能卡进行欺诈的行为将给高速公路管理部门带来了极大的损失。介绍了一种改进的模糊决策二叉树模型。即采用最优分割熵方法确定最优割点来对数据模糊化，引入模糊数学中的不确定性理论，依据分类的不确定性建造树，生成规则，在此基础上利用规则匹配的方法检测任意的样本数据是否为欺诈数据。     

随机交通分配中有效路径的定向树搜索算法

交通路网中有效路径的确定方法是进行各类随机交通流量分配的关键技术.文章将交通路网中节点位置的确定性与交通出行中路径选取的有向性相结合,模拟树的生长,提出了一种有效路径的定向树搜索算法.通过将该方法应用于随机用户均衡分配模型,说明了该方法的有效性.     

汽车制动功能失常故障树仿真建模与分析

本文采用Ｍｏｎｔｅ－Ｃａｒｌｏ随机抽样方法，建立汽车制动功能失常故障树仿真模型，编制出故障桎仿真程序ＳＦＴＡ，求出该系统的平均无故障工作时间、累积换效及各底事件重要度。同时借助于故障树仿真程序对系统进行可靠性分析，不仅能解决故障树分析中部件为非指数分布所遇到的困难，而且能够从仿真的运行过程中，观察到系统内部部各部分对整个系统可靠性所产生的作用，对于整体提高汽车制动系统的可靠性提供了有益的参考依据。     

筑路机械经济寿命和维修周期的决策方法

应用以机械设备经济寿命为基础的数学模型,给出了确定筑路机械更新和维修周期的新方法。并通过具体实例阐明了这一理论方法的应用。为筑路机械的管理使用提供了科学的依据。     

Comparing travel mode and trip chain choices between holidays and weekdays

Choices of travel mode and trip chain as well as their interplays have long drawn the interests of researchers. However, few studies have examined the differences in the travel behaviors between holidays and weekdays. This paper compares the choice of travel mode and trip chain between holidays and weekdays tours using travel survey data from Beijing, China. Nested Logit (NL) models with alternative nesting structures are estimated to analyze the decision process of travelers. Results show that there are at least three differences between commuting-based tours on weekdays and non-commuting tours on holidays. First, the decision structures in weekday and holiday tours are opposite. In weekday tours people prefer to decide on trip chain pattern prior to choosing travel mode, whereas in holiday tours travel mode is chosen first. Second, holiday tours show stronger dependency on cars than weekday tours. Third, travelers on holidays are more sensitive to changes in tour time than to the changes in tour cost, while commuters on weekdays are more sensitive to tour cost. Findings are helpful for improving travel activity modeling and designing differential transportation system management strategies for weekdays and holidays.