Determinants of new vehicle registrations in EU countries: a panel cointegration analysis

This paper investigates the determinants of new vehicle registrations in European Union (EU) countries by focusing on four particular segments – passenger cars, light commercial vehicles, commercial vehicles, and heavy commercial vehicles. A panel cointegration analysis for a panel of 13 EU countries during the period from January 1999 to August 2010 shows that new vehicle sales have long-run cointegration relations with vehicle prices, consumer confidence, income, interest rates, fuel prices, industrial production, and trade. More effective factors in determining new vehicle sales appear to be trade, interest rates, and industrial production.     

欧盟铁路投融资制度对长三角轨道交通网投融资设计的启示

如何谋求在政府与经营主体之间、中央政府与地方政府之间，适当分配路网建设及运营利益与风险，建立起与之相适应的投融资制度，以提高路网建设与运营效率，是长三角轨道交通网络建设的重要课题。分析了长三角轨道交通网络投融资面临的主要问题，介绍了英、法、德、瑞典等欧盟国家主要铁路投融资制度，希望为建立长三角轨道交通网投融资制度提供一些借鉴。     

Assessment of carbon emission costs for air cargo transportation

This study presents a set of models that calculate carbon emissions in individual phases of flight during air cargo transportation, investigates resultant carbon footprints by aircraft type and flight route, and estimates increases in transportation costs for airlines due to carbon taxes imposed by the EU ETS. The estimated results provide useful references for airlines in aircraft assignment on different routes and in aircraft selection for new purchases. Validation of the model is conducted by simulating the potential impact of the implementation of the EU ETS on costs of air cargo transportation for six routes and six types of aircraft. Results show that the impact may be subject to various factors including unit carbon emissions per aircraft, aviation emission allowances per airline, and carbon trading prices; and that increases in costs of air cargo transportation range from 0% to 5.27% per aircraft per route. Therefore, the implementation of the EU ETS may encourage airlines to cut down their operating costs by reducing their carbon emissions, thereby ameliorating greenhouse gas pollution caused by air cargo transportation.     

关于欧盟铁路支持政策的研究

研究目的：通过对欧盟经济政策、共同运输政策、铁路运输政策的研究，从欧洲经济一体化过程向经济融合、政治融合和社会融合的发展观点，分析欧盟运输政策，尤其是铁路运输政策对可持续运输发展战略和多种运输模式的协调发展起着关键的作用。随着欧盟的经济政策不断向前发展，特别是欧盟地区政策通过财政援助和建设项目安排，促进成员国地区之间的经济结构调整，加快了经济一体化进程。研究结论：欧盟的共同运输政策旨在消除各种限制，协调各国的运输，而振兴铁路是实现各种运输方式平衡发展的一个关键因素。欧盟有关铁路运输政策基本以立法的形式固定下来，要求各成员国转变为各自的法律形式。多年来，欧盟围绕建立欧洲铁路统一市场的目标，加强了欧盟铁路的通用性，进一步开放了铁路运输市场，努力建立统一的欧洲铁路体系。欧共体铁路主要通过公共预算、私人投资、公路运输收费、外部成本内部化等方式进行融资，从而实现运输业的利益最大化。     

对欧盟摩托车技术指令的解读

欧洲联盟是目前世界上发展最完善的汽车、摩托车一体化市场,欧盟政府制定发布了统一的汽车、摩托车技术指令,并依据这些指令对汽车、摩托车产品实施统一的型式批准制度,但在具体实施上,仍由欧盟各个成员国主管机关自行运作,这样势必造成不同的成员国对技术指令的解读和实施尺度上产生差异,为此欧盟各成员国主管机关定期召开协调会议,就技术指令的理解和实施统一认识。     

欧盟未来道路运输政策解析及启示

为研究新技术驱动下未来道路运输政策的变化,为我国新时期建设交通强国的科学决策提供支撑,通过实证分析等方法,选取欧盟道路运输业开展研究。从驱动道路运输转型发展的要素、未来道路运输转型发展的影响因素、新技术推动道路运输变革产生的经济社会影响等三个方面,阐述了欧盟未来道路运输业的变革和政策变化。在此基础上,根据我国交通运输发展实际,对行业管理提出建议,认为应及时跟踪国外有关“未来交通运输”的研究及技术部署;尽快建立与新技术、新业态相配套的交通运输法律法规、政策制度及监管体系;在未来的交通运输治理中加强公众参与,同时充分发挥科研机构、学（协）会等行业组织、企业等的作用。     

基于车载全站仪免置平设站的轨道精测模型与算法

“相对+绝对”复合测量模式在数据处理方法上取得突破,达到了较好的效果,但在测量环节上,仍然存在一些急需解决的问题。本文提出一种基于车载全站仪免置平设站的轨道精测方法,通过全站仪免置平设站方法打破了全站仪必须置平才能设站的传统,采用轨道中线坐标“设站即测量”的方式,从根本上消除了原有小车棱镜测量环节中测角误差的存在。线路试验表明:相比于现有“相对+绝对”复合测量模式,该轨道精测方法测量结果更稳定,不但提高了测量效率,还改善了测量精度,具有较高的工程价值和现实意义。     

Does tourism degrade environmental quality? A comparative study of Eastern and Western European Union

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of tourism on economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in Eastern and Western European Union (EU) countries by incorporating FDI and trade in the production and CO₂ emission functions. We apply panel econometric techniques which account for cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity. The results of Westerlund panel cointegration test confirm a long-run equilibrium relationship among the variables. Results from long-run elasticities suggest that tourism stimulates economic growth in Eastern and Western EU countries. However, tourism increases CO₂ emissions in Eastern EU but decreases in Western EU. This indicates that tourism has an adverse effect on the environment in Eastern EU. Finally, short-run heterogeneous panel causality test results suggest that tourism causes CO₂ emissions in Eastern EU while economic growth and CO₂ emissions cause tourism in Western EU. Overall, our findings suggest that tourism plays an important role in accelerating economic growth; however, its role on CO₂ emissions largely depends on the adaptation of sustainable tourism policies and efficient management.     

Analysis of road transportation energy consumption demand in China

In this paper, we first analyze the historical trends in road transportation energy consumption and GDP in developed economies to find out the development characteristics of road energy consumption. The two indexes present obvious ‘S’ type patterns. Then, in order to explore the current status and future trend of road energy transportation in China, we employ path analysis to analyze the impact mechanism of the factors related to road transportation energy consumption. Next, we adopt the BMA model to select the core factors related to road transportation energy consumption in China, and on the basis of the model selection as well as univariate (ETS & ARIMA models) and multivariate (multiple regression) models, the road transportation energy consumption is analyzed and forecast. The results showed that the road transportation energy consumption rises by 0.33 percent for every percent increase in GDP and by 1.26 percentage points for every percent increase in urbanization. The road transportation energy consumption in China is expected to reach around 226181.1 ktoe by the end of 2015, and about 347,363 ktoe by 2020.     

100-years-changes in the phytoplankton community of Kiel Bight (Baltic Sea)

Literature data from 1905/06, 1912/13 and 1949/50 were compared with recent data (2001–2003) from Kiel Bight in order to investigate changes in phytoplankton composition and biomass, which may serve as indicators of environmental changes. In terms of biomass, diatomophyceae and dinophyceae are by far the most important groups. Their ratio is still close to unity. The share of diatomophyceae increased strongly in years with exceptionally high summer blooms (2001) or exceptionally early spring blooms (2003). The summer and autumn blooms of Chaetoceros and Skeletonema, detected in the early 20th century, are replaced by other diatoms (Cerataulina pelagica, Dactyliosolen fragilissimus, Proboscia alata, Pseudo-nitzschia spp.). Chaetoceros and Skeletonema are still important components of the spring blooms. Now as before, the autumn blooms are dominated by Ceratium spp., sometimes also by diatoms. Newly appearing bloom-forming species are mostly potentially toxic (Dictyocha speculum, Prorocentrum minimum, Pseudo-nitzschia spp.). The total phytoplankton biomass has roughly doubled in the course of the last century. The reference condition for phytoplankton biomass in Kiel Bight in the sense of the Water Framework Directive was defined at 55 mg C m^− 3 (± 10%, annual mean). The mean annual biomass of diatomophyceae and dinophyceae was 25 mg C m^− 3 (± 40%) for each, indicating that the sum of their carbon biomass amounted to 90% (± 10%) of the total phytoplankton biomass on an annual average. Diatomophyceae represented at least 80% of carbon biomass in the spring bloom peak at the beginning of the 20th century.