欧盟标准BS EN12663-1的应用研究

WANG Yanli;CHEN Gang;TAN Fuxing(CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles Co.,Ltd.,Changchun 130062,China)     

欧盟城市轨道交通装备检验检测与认证制度分析

介绍了轨道交通装备检验检测与认证的定义和功能。依据欧盟指令2008/57/EC,简述了欧洲铁路互通性技术法规体系,介绍了标准规范建立的过程。基于法规要求从互操作性部件和子系统两个方面分析了轨道交通装备的认证方法和程序。对国外第三方检测认证机构在轨道交通领域内的服务内容和运作要求进行了归纳,阐述了第三方检测与认证制度对我国轨道交通装备发展的意义。     

An analysis of public bus transit performance in Indian cities

Maintaining and enhancing public transit service in Indian cities is important, to meet rapidly growing mass mobility needs, and curb personal motor vehicle activity and its impacts at low cost. Indian cities rely predominantly on buses for public transport, and are likely to continue to do so for years. However, the public bus transit service is inadequate, and unaffordable for the urban poor. The paper explores the factors that contribute to and affect efforts to improve this situation, based on an analysis of the financial and operational performance of the public bus transit service in the four metropolitan centres and four secondary cities during the 1990s. Overall, there were persistent losses, owing to increasing input costs and declining productivity. The losses occurred despite rapidly increasing fares, and ridership declined. The situation, and the ability to address it, is worse in the secondary cities than the metropolitan centres. We suggest a disaggregated approach based on the needs and motivations of different groups in relation to public transit, along with improved operating conditions and policies to internalize costs of personal motor vehicle use, to address the challenge of providing financially viable and affordable public bus transit service.     

Workshop 6: The public agenda: What is working and what is missing

Workshop 6 topics covered social inclusion, the informal transport sector, transport in developing countries and sustainability. The strong connections and complimentary goals were noted, where solutions to social exclusion and greenhouse gas reduction can both be realised with good transport and urban planning. There is an opportunity for developing countries to avoid the transport mistakes in many developed countries, such as car dependence. This will involve the development of infrastructure that offers accessible public transport to the majority of people, providing resources to the informal transport system and integrating this with public transport. The workshop considered specific issues such as rural transport, new technology, car tolls to subsidise public transport, safety issues with informal transport and the failure to evaluate the longer-term impacts of many major transport infrastructure developments. Recommendations were made in relation to research and policy and future Thredbo topics.     

对欧盟摩托车技术指令的解读

欧洲联盟是目前世界上发展最完善的汽车、摩托车一体化市场,欧盟政府制定发布了统一的汽车、摩托车技术指令,并依据这些指令对汽车、摩托车产品实施统一的型式批准制度,但在具体实施上,仍由欧盟各个成员国主管机关自行运作,这样势必造成不同的成员国对技术指令的解读和实施尺度上产生差异,为此欧盟各成员国主管机关定期召开协调会议,就技术指令的理解和实施统一认识。     

Energy use in passenger transport in OECD countries: Changes since 1970

This paper analyzes some of the changes that took place in the structure of energy use for passenger travel in industrialized countries. Data is presented on energy use and travel activity for the four major modes of travel — automobile, bus, rail and air — for eight OECD countries: the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, West Germany, France, Italy, Sweden, and Norway. We use the Laspeyres and Divisia indices to analyze the causes of the change in energy use between 1970 and 1987. The total change in energy use for travel is explained by changes in domestic passenger transport volumes, the mix of modes of travel, and the energy intensities of each mode. We have found two important effects that have a fundamental impact on energy use for travel since 1970. First, shifts among modes of transport towards more energy-intensive ones and large increases in volumes of travel (measured in passenger-kilometers) increased energy use for travel in many OECD countries, often more rapidly than the overall growth in GDP. Second, energy intensities, measured in mJ/passenger-kilometer, of passenger transport fell only in a few countries between 1970 and 1987. Even though individual automobiles have become more energy-efficient, greater size, power, and weight, worsening traffic conditions in Japan and Europe, and fewer people in cars restrained or even offset efficiency improvements. Particularly notable are the increases in intensities in Japan and Germany. The most important exception to this trend was the United States, but the intensities of land-based travel remain higher there than in most other countries. These findings lead to a pessimistic outlook for future energy use for travel. After all, if little or no energy was saved during the decades of high fuel prices, what can be expected in the 1990s?     

欧盟未来道路运输政策解析及启示

为研究新技术驱动下未来道路运输政策的变化,为我国新时期建设交通强国的科学决策提供支撑,通过实证分析等方法,选取欧盟道路运输业开展研究。从驱动道路运输转型发展的要素、未来道路运输转型发展的影响因素、新技术推动道路运输变革产生的经济社会影响等三个方面,阐述了欧盟未来道路运输业的变革和政策变化。在此基础上,根据我国交通运输发展实际,对行业管理提出建议,认为应及时跟踪国外有关“未来交通运输”的研究及技术部署;尽快建立与新技术、新业态相配套的交通运输法律法规、政策制度及监管体系;在未来的交通运输治理中加强公众参与,同时充分发挥科研机构、学（协）会等行业组织、企业等的作用。     

发展中国家对绿色贸易壁垒的思考和对策

随着生态环境的恶化，各国在保护环境的同时，国际贸易中也出现了各种“绿色壁垒”，WTO正在积极协调贸易与环境的问题。本从发展中国家角度论述了如何采取措施以维护自己的利益。     

Investigating the road safety management capacity: Toward a lead agency reform

An efficient management system and leadership body is one of the key requirements for a road safety improvement program. In low- and middle-income countries, the organizational structure of the management system may suffer from deficiencies weakening the institutional functions across key road safety players. Hence, it is necessary to form an inner- and inter-organization evaluation framework encompassing all the processes, events, dependencies, and causation among road safety players. In this paper, a (three-stage) system thinking approach is developed to evaluate the behavior of inter-organizational complex system and to determine major deficiencies in the role of the road safety lead agency. The first stages of the system thinking approach starts with drawing diagrams (i.e. multiple-effect and multiple-criteria trees) that allows identifying the chains of reasoning behind events or consequences. The next stage of the system thinking approach embodies the analytic network process (ANP), an advanced multi-criteria decision-making technique, which handles the lead agency capacity evaluation and helps to determine how and by what magnitude any of the players can affect the national road safety. The proposed method applies to the case of Iran, a middle-income developing country in the Middle East. Since in Iran, the Road Safety Commission (RSC) has been established as the lead agency, it was expected that RSC owns the greatest influence on the status of road safety. However, our results show that the overall influence of RSC on road safety is far less than what was expected. Subsequently, a supplementary procedure is proposed to specify institutional reforms in order to avoid such organizational inefficiencies.     

欧盟轨道交通安全统计年报解析

轨道交通安全和事故数据是安全管理依据和理论基础。欧盟依据铁路安全指令按年度发布的铁路安全统计报告,内容包括:事故趋势、主要事故、以共同安全指标为基本统计口径的事故指标、共同安全目标和风险水平的国家参考值,以及事故调查及管理、安全管理等。文章认为,建立公开的事故报告和统计制度是轨道交通安全管理的基本要求。