欧盟指令对巴士与客车的要求

概括介绍欧盟现有的巴士与客车指令,以及已提出即将实施的指令,从巴士与客车制造商和运营商的角度透视这些指令对市场的影响。本文重点关注与巴士和客车关联的技术供应,而不是巴士与客车服务的运营规则。     

发展中国家职业教育发展模式历史变革的现代启示

本文通过对"学校本位"的计划体制、"企业本位"的市场体制、"多元本位"的政府主导体制等三个阶段发展模式的分析,提出了发展中国家职业教育的共性特征及借鉴价值。     

Rail and multi-modal transport

This paper elaborates on the definitions of inter and multi-modal transport, as well as their differences in terms of performance. A survey of the barriers, both internal and external, to an efficient intermodal transport is included followed by an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of combining rail transport with the other transport modes. Transhipment technologies for efficient freight service and some examples of freight rail corridors between sea and inland terminals are presented. The integration between air and rail transport is discussed and the potential synergies between air and high-speed rail services are emphasised. The paper concludes with a discussion on energy use for sustainable rail performance.     

Energy use in passenger transport in OECD countries: Changes since 1970

This paper analyzes some of the changes that took place in the structure of energy use for passenger travel in industrialized countries. Data is presented on energy use and travel activity for the four major modes of travel — automobile, bus, rail and air — for eight OECD countries: the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, West Germany, France, Italy, Sweden, and Norway. We use the Laspeyres and Divisia indices to analyze the causes of the change in energy use between 1970 and 1987. The total change in energy use for travel is explained by changes in domestic passenger transport volumes, the mix of modes of travel, and the energy intensities of each mode. We have found two important effects that have a fundamental impact on energy use for travel since 1970. First, shifts among modes of transport towards more energy-intensive ones and large increases in volumes of travel (measured in passenger-kilometers) increased energy use for travel in many OECD countries, often more rapidly than the overall growth in GDP. Second, energy intensities, measured in mJ/passenger-kilometer, of passenger transport fell only in a few countries between 1970 and 1987. Even though individual automobiles have become more energy-efficient, greater size, power, and weight, worsening traffic conditions in Japan and Europe, and fewer people in cars restrained or even offset efficiency improvements. Particularly notable are the increases in intensities in Japan and Germany. The most important exception to this trend was the United States, but the intensities of land-based travel remain higher there than in most other countries. These findings lead to a pessimistic outlook for future energy use for travel. After all, if little or no energy was saved during the decades of high fuel prices, what can be expected in the 1990s?     

Measuring the energy efficiency for airlines under the pressure of being included into the EU ETS

In 2008, European Union (EU) announced that from 2012, each international flight taking off and landing in EU would be given an emission permit. Therefore, the period of 2008–2012 can be regarded as a buffer period for global airlines. Although EU formally decides to exclude non‐EU airlines from the EU Emission Trading System on March 4, 2014, it is necessary to investigate the impacts of the policy on airline energy efficiency in this period. Airline energy efficiency is divided into three stages—operations stage, service stage, and sales stage—and Greenhouse gas emission is treated as an undesirable output of service stage. Two models, network range‐adjusted measure model with weak disposability and network range‐adjusted measure model with strong disposability, are established to evaluate the efficiencies of 22 international airlines from 2008 to 2012. The results show that (i) most airlines' efficiencies have decreased in the period, and the EU Emission Trading System is not effective for the efficiency improvement; (ii) the average efficiency of European airlines is almost the same as that of non‐European airlines; and (iii) the model with weak disposability is more reasonable in distinguishing efficiency differences, while strong disposability is a more reasonable way in treating undesirable outputs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

欧盟轨道交通安全统计年报解析

轨道交通安全和事故数据是安全管理依据和理论基础。欧盟依据铁路安全指令按年度发布的铁路安全统计报告,内容包括:事故趋势、主要事故、以共同安全指标为基本统计口径的事故指标、共同安全目标和风险水平的国家参考值,以及事故调查及管理、安全管理等。文章认为,建立公开的事故报告和统计制度是轨道交通安全管理的基本要求。     

发展中国家对绿色贸易壁垒的思考和对策

随着生态环境的恶化，各国在保护环境的同时，国际贸易中也出现了各种“绿色壁垒”，WTO正在积极协调贸易与环境的问题。本从发展中国家角度论述了如何采取措施以维护自己的利益。     

Determinants of new vehicle registrations in EU countries: a panel cointegration analysis

This paper investigates the determinants of new vehicle registrations in European Union (EU) countries by focusing on four particular segments – passenger cars, light commercial vehicles, commercial vehicles, and heavy commercial vehicles. A panel cointegration analysis for a panel of 13 EU countries during the period from January 1999 to August 2010 shows that new vehicle sales have long-run cointegration relations with vehicle prices, consumer confidence, income, interest rates, fuel prices, industrial production, and trade. More effective factors in determining new vehicle sales appear to be trade, interest rates, and industrial production.     

欧盟铁路投融资制度对长三角轨道交通网投融资设计的启示

如何谋求在政府与经营主体之间、中央政府与地方政府之间，适当分配路网建设及运营利益与风险，建立起与之相适应的投融资制度，以提高路网建设与运营效率，是长三角轨道交通网络建设的重要课题。分析了长三角轨道交通网络投融资面临的主要问题，介绍了英、法、德、瑞典等欧盟国家主要铁路投融资制度，希望为建立长三角轨道交通网投融资制度提供一些借鉴。     

Workshop 6: The public agenda: What is working and what is missing

Workshop 6 topics covered social inclusion, the informal transport sector, transport in developing countries and sustainability. The strong connections and complimentary goals were noted, where solutions to social exclusion and greenhouse gas reduction can both be realised with good transport and urban planning. There is an opportunity for developing countries to avoid the transport mistakes in many developed countries, such as car dependence. This will involve the development of infrastructure that offers accessible public transport to the majority of people, providing resources to the informal transport system and integrating this with public transport. The workshop considered specific issues such as rural transport, new technology, car tolls to subsidise public transport, safety issues with informal transport and the failure to evaluate the longer-term impacts of many major transport infrastructure developments. Recommendations were made in relation to research and policy and future Thredbo topics.