Air transport and economic growth: a review of the impact mechanism and causal relationships

ABSTRACT

The impacts of air transport on the economy arise both directly, via activity in the aviation sector; and indirectly, via increased spending and wider economic benefits associated with improved access to resources, markets, technology and economic mass. Economic activity, in turn, supports and generates demand for air transport. Despite its potential importance, the reciprocal nature of the causal relationship between air transport and economic performance has remained somewhat understudied. This paper provides a synthesis review of the channels the aviation sector interacts with regional economy. The review focuses on quantitative studies that contribute to the state-of-the-art understandings of the causality. We find that the reciprocal causal relationship is more likely to prevail in less developed economies. For more developed economies, only one direction of the causality is recognised, which runs from air transport to economic growth. Especially substantial is the effect of airline enplanement on service-related employment. The reverse direction of the relationship is, however, not as significant as believed in a causal sense within the developed world. Therefore, cautions need to be taken when applying income elasticities (such as the elasticity of air passenger demand with respect to GDP) in air travel demand forecasting, which implicitly assumes that economic growth causally leads to air traffic increment. Based on the fundamental links between air transport and economic growth, some typical imperfections and inefficiencies in aviation markets are discussed and promising avenues for future research are proposed.     

Optimal funding allocation strategies for safety improvements on urban intersections

Urban intersections crashes cause significant economic loss. The safety management process undertaken by most states in the United States is referred to as Highway Safety Improvement Program and consists of three standardized steps: (i) identification of critical crash locations, (ii) development of countermeasures, and (iii) resource allocation among identified crash locations. Often these three steps are undertaken independently, with limited detail of each step at the state planning agencies. The literature review underlines the importance of the third step, and the lack of sophisticated tools available to state planning agencies for leveraging information obtained from the first two steps. Further, non-strategic approaches and unavailability of methods for evaluating policies may lead to sub-optimal funding allocation. This paper overcomes these limitations and proposes multiple optimal resource allocation strategies for improvements at urban intersections that maximize safety benefits, under budget and policy constraints. Proposed policy measures based on benefits maximization (economic competitiveness), equitable allocation (equity), and relaxation of mutually exclusiveness (multiple alternatives at one location) produce significantly different alternative and fund allocation. The proposed models are applied to selected intersections in four counties of southeast Michigan. Results reinforce the applicability of the strategies/policies and tools developed in this paper for safety project funding allocation on critical urban intersections.     

公路建设投资对经济增长的贡献与弹性分析

笔者提出了公路交通建设投资对经济增长的贡献度和弹性系数的4种新的计算模型:生产函数模型、对数 线性模型、线性 对数模型和线性与对数的混合模型,并对其进行了详细地讨论,导出了他们的计算公式,利用混合模型,对我国从1980年至1999年公路建设投资对经济增长的贡献度和弹性系数进行了分析,得出了投资交通建设比投资其他建设更易促进经济增长的结论.     

脐血胰岛素样生长因子-2和印记基因H19与胎儿生长受限的关系

目的探讨脐血胰岛素样生长因子-2(IGF-2)和H19印记状态与胎儿生长受限(FGR)的关系。方法采用放射免疫法测定42例FGR孕妇(研究组)和晚期正常妊娠妇女30例(对照组)脐血中IGF-2水平,同时采用逆转录多聚酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术,检测胎盘组织中H19基因印记状态。结果①研究组脐血IGF-2水平为(1.52±0.20)μg/L,明显低于对照组的(1.97±0.21)μg/L(P<0.05)。②研究组中杂合子20例,其中9例双等位基因表达;对照组中杂合子14例,均为单等位基因表达;研究组H19基因印记丢失明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。③研究组H19双等位基因表达的病例脐血IGF-2水平均明显低于H19杂合性丢失和H19单等位基因表达病例(P<0.05);H19杂合性丢失和H19单等位基因表达病例脐血IGF-2水平无显著性差异。结论妊娠晚期IGF-2减低是导致FGR发生的原因之一;H19基因印记丢失下调IGF-2基因间接影响胎儿生长发育。     

中药内异消对大鼠子宫内膜异位症血管生成因子的影响

目的　探讨血管内皮生长因子 (VEGF)、肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF α )在子宫内膜异位症 (EM)发病机制中的作用及相互关系 ,观察中药内异消对两因子的影响及对EM的治疗作用。方法　采用种植内膜方法建立EM动物模型 ,内异消治疗 ,丹哪唑对照 ,ELISA法测定TNF α水平 ,免疫组化SP法检测VEGF表达。结果　EM病模组异位内膜组织中VEGF的表达及腹腔液TNF α含量显著增高 ,与假模型组比较有统计学差异 (P <0 .0 1) ;内异消能降低VEGF表达及TNF α含量 ,与病模组比较有统计学差异 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　VEGF、TNF α在EM发生发展中起重要作用 ,内异消可通过调节两因子的表达来抑制异位内膜的生长     

苦参山楂合剂对单侧输尿管梗阻大鼠结缔组织生长因子表达的影响

目的探讨中药复方苦参山楂合剂对肾间质纤维化大鼠结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)表达的影响以及其对肾间质纤维化的防治作用。方法40只雄性SD大鼠,随机分为假手术组、模型组、苯那普利组、苦参山楂合剂小剂量组和大剂量组。以单侧输尿管结扎术建立肾间质纤维化的动物模型。术后第14天取术侧肾组织做HE、Masson染色及CTGF、α-平滑肌动蛋白(-αSMA)和Ⅲ型胶原蛋白(ColⅢ)免疫组化检测,并运用图像分析系统作半定量分析。结果苦参山楂合剂可以显著改善梗阻侧肾组织病理变化,下调CTGF表达,减少α-SMA及ColⅢ沉积。结论苦参山楂合剂可能通过下调CTGF并抑制肌成纤维细胞的活化来起到防治梗阻性大鼠肾间质纤维化的作用。     

TGFβ1-(78-109)-HBc融合蛋白的原核表达

目的　应用基因工程技术制备TGFβ1 (78- 10 9) HBc融合蛋白 ,作为TGFβ1疫苗 ,用于抗纤维化研究。方法　合成TGFβ1 (78- 10 9)编码区DNA ,连接于质粒载体 ,再在其下游连接HBc编码区 ,测序证实后 ,进行原核表达 ,表达产物以SDS PAGE、ELISA等方法鉴定。结果　经DNA序列分析证实融合基因序列完全正确 ,SDS PAGE证实原核表达产物相对分子质量为 2 5kD ,ELISA检测证实TGFβ1 (78- 10 9)和HBc的抗原表位均可正确暴露。结论　本研究成功构建了TGFβ1 (78- 10 9) HBc融合基因 ,进行了原核表达 ,并初步证实了表达产物的抗原性 ,为下一步进行TGFβ1疫苗抗纤维化的研究打下了基础     

TGF-β_2对体外培养的牛眼小梁细胞MMP_2表达和活性的影响

目的了解转化生长因子-β2(TGF-β2)对体外培养的牛眼小梁(TM)细胞基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP2)的表达和活性的影响,探讨TGF-β2在原发性开角型青光眼(POAG)发病机制中的作用。方法用含有1.0μg/L TGF-β2或含1.0μg/L TGF-β2+100g/L鼠抗人PAI-1IgG(PAI-1中和抗体)的无血清DMEM分别孵育TM细胞24、36、48h。对照组(Co)加入不含实验药物的无血清DMEM,用Western印迹法检测MMP2及纤溶酶原活化抑制剂-1(PAI-1)的表达。结果TGF-β2可显著增强TM细胞MMP2前体及PAI-1的表达。PAI-1中和抗体可促进MMP2前体向其活化形式转化。结论TGF-β2可通过抑制MMP2的活化过程导致TM细胞的细胞外基质(ECM)的异常堆积,造成房水引流阻力的增加,参与POAG的发病。     

EXPRESSION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF BASIC FIBROBLAST GWOWTH FACTOR AND FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR-1 IN OVARIAN EPITHELIAL NEOPLASM

Basicfibroblastgrowedfactor (bFGF)wasakindofmultifunctionalgrowthfactorwhichhadahighaffcinitywithitsmainreceptorwhosenamewasfibroblastgrowthfactorreceptor 1(FGFR 1) .ByFGFRsuchasFGFR 1,bFGFcouldnotonlyin ductthegrowthofnewcapillary ,butalsostimulatethecell’smitokasisandpropagationaspowerfulmi tosigen ;Bystimulatingendothelialandtumorcelltosynthesizetheprofibrnolysinactivator(uPA ) ,re leasefibrinaseandcollagenase ,synthesizecollage nase ,sotoenhencetumorcell’sabilitytoinvadeentracell…     

P物质和表皮生长因子受体在早期银屑病发病中的作用

目的　探讨P物质 (substanceP ,SP)和表皮生长因子受体 (epidermalgrowthfactorreceptor ,EGFR)在银屑病发病早期的作用机制。方法　用放射免疫法检测正常组织和各期银屑病皮损处SP和EGFR的表达状况。结果　进行期银屑病患者和静止期银屑病患者皮损处SP明显高于恢复期患者和正常人 (P <0 .0 5 )。进行期和静止期银屑病患者皮损表皮中EGFR阳性表达明显高于正常皮肤 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;恢复期皮损的阳性表达与正常组织无显著差异性 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　SP和EGFR可能在银屑病发病的早期阶段相互协同而起关键作用