Transport energy consumption in mountainous roads. A comparative case study for internal combustion engines and electric vehicles in Andorra

This paper analyses transport energy consumption of conventional and electric vehicles in mountainous roads. A standard round trip in Andorra has been modelled in order to characterise vehicle dynamics in hilly regions. Two conventional diesel vehicles and their electric-equivalent models have been simulated and their performances have been compared. Six scenarios have been simulated to study the effects of factors such as orography, traffic congestion and driving style. The European fuel consumption and emissions test and Artemis urban driving cycles, representative of European driving cycles, have also been included in the comparative analysis. The results show that road grade has a major impact on fuel economy, although it affects consumption in different levels depending on the technology analysed. Electric vehicles are less affected by this factor as opposed to conventional vehicles, increasing the potential energy savings in a hypothetical electrification of the car fleet. However, electric vehicle range in mountainous terrains is lower compared to that estimated by manufacturers, a fact that could adversely affect a massive adoption of electric cars in the short term.     

How and why do men and women differ in their willingness to use automated cars? The influence of emotions across different age groups

Current research on willingness to use automated cars indicates differences between men and women, with the latter group showing lower usage intentions. This study aims at providing a first explanation of this effect. Research from other fields suggests that affective reactions might be able to explain behavioral intentions and responses towards technology, and that these affects vary depending on age levels. By examining a sample of 1603 participants representative for Germany (in terms of biological sex, age, and education) we found evidence that affective responses towards automotive cars (i.e., anxiety and pleasure) explain (i.e., mediate) the effect of biological sex on willingness to use them. Moreover, we found that these emotional processes vary as a function of respondent age in such a way that the differential effect of sex on anxiety (but not on pleasure) was more pronounced among relatively young respondents and decreased with participants’ age. Our results suggest that addressing anxiety-related responses towards automated cars (e.g., by providing safety-related information) and accentuating especially the pleasurable effects of automated cars (e.g., via advertising) reduce differences between men and women. Addressing the anxiety-related effects in order to reduce sex differences in usage intentions seems to be less relevant for older target groups, whereas promoting the pleasurable responses is equally important across age groups.     

Optimizing the locations of electric taxi charging stations: A spatial–temporal demand coverage approach

Vehicle electrification is a promising approach towards attaining green transportation. However, the absence of charging stations limits the penetration of electric vehicles. Current approaches for optimizing the locations of charging stations suffer from challenges associated with spatial–temporal dynamic travel demands and the lengthy period required for the charging process. The present article uses the electric taxi (ET) as an example to develop a spatial–temporal demand coverage approach for optimizing the placement of ET charging stations in the space–time context. To this end, public taxi demands with spatial and temporal attributes are extracted from massive taxi GPS data. The cyclical interactions between taxi demands, ETs, and charging stations are modeled with a spatial–temporal path tool. A location model is developed to maximize the level of ET service on the road network and the level of charging service at the stations under spatial and temporal constraints such as the ET range, the charging time, and the capacity of charging stations. The reduced carbon emission generated by used ETs with located charging stations is also evaluated. An experiment conducted in Shenzhen, China demonstrates that the proposed approach not only exhibits good performance in determining ET charging station locations by considering temporal attributes, but also achieves a high quality trade-off between the levels of ET service and charging service. The proposed approach and obtained results help the decision-making of urban ET charging station siting.     

The impact of car specifications,prices and incentives for battery electric vehicles in Norway: Choices of heterogeneous consumers

Electric vehicles (EVs), specifically Battery EVs (BEVs), can offer significant energy and emission savings over internal combustion engine vehicles. Norway has a long history of research and government incentives for BEVs. The BEV market in Norway allows us to fully examine consumers’ BEV choices influenced by car specifications, prices and government incentives (public bus lanes access, toll waiver and charging stations). The Random-Coefficient Discrete Choice Model (referred to as the BLP model) is applied to understand the choices of heterogeneous personal consumers and business buyers. Our study is instantiated on the entire EV sales data in Norway from 2011 to 2013, as well as a set of demographics at the municipality level. The results suggest significant positive effects of BEV technology improvement, space, toll waiver and charging station density on EV demand for both personal consumers and business buyers. However, the effects on business buyers may be generally less pronounced than on personal consumers. Interestingly, bus lanes access demonstrates a negative impact for personal consumers, possibly due to consumers’ concern regarding bus lane congestion. In addition, preferences on the BEV price can vary statistically among consumers with different income levels. Compared to the BEV technology development, demographical features and municipal incentives may have generally less impacts on market shares within the BEV market.     

电动轮驱动的电动汽车动力学仿真

采用自然坐标系下的整车动力学模型,模拟变速或转向过程中可能存在的变化情况,进行了四电动轮独立驱动的电动汽车仿真。仿真试验表明,在变速或转向的过程中,各轮的输出转矩可能会有较大差异。因此在此类电动汽车的设计中应当充分考虑对变速或转向时各轮的转矩加以控制,以提高操控性能。     

邻里合乘的社区拼车实践

针对城市交通日益拥堵、私人小汽车乘坐率低等问题,武汉市常青花园社区推出＂邻里合乘＂公益拼车活动。对拼车活动的运行、实施等情况进行阐述。在总结以往拼车过程中面临法律、政策等众多限制的经验基础上,活动组织管理采取了多种保障措施,如制定发放倡议书、设立合乘点、管理参与合乘的车主及乘客信息、签订承诺书、制作车贴和号召社会参与等,并制定了后续的实施方案。最后,评析了社区拼车实践的重要意义。     

双燃料发动机电力推进LNG船可燃气体探测系统设计简介

详细介绍了双燃料发动机电力推进LNG船可燃气体探测系统设计的基本要求,包括可燃气体探头及取样管在不同区域的布置情况及数量要求。所述内容不仅涉及LNG船本身的要求,也覆盖了其他类型的液化气体运输船的相关要求。     

电动汽车充电方式和商业运营模式初探

电动汽车产业化长期受到充电设施不足的制约,文章探讨了充电设施建设过程中面临充电方式选择和充电网络商业化运营的问题。通过充电站、充电桩和换电站各自的运营属性特征和优势缺陷比较,对不同时期充电设施的选择、空间分布、潜在的投资建设主体、运营主体及盈利模式提出了政策建议。特别讨论了电池更换站的发展前景和其对未来汽车和能源产业结构可能带来的影响,强调了充电网络运营者在未来电动汽车产业链体系中的重要地位。     

现场总线在地铁列车清洗机上的应用

Profibus- DP(现场总线)用于现场设备的高速数据传输.中央处理器通过高速串行总线同分散的现场设备进行通信,分散的DP从站通过总线连接到可编程程序控制器上.Profibus- DP提供强有力的组态和诊断功能,是一种低成本、灵活的信号传输解决方案,可替代麻烦的并行线路.列车清洗机是地铁列车表面自动清洗的设备.阐述...     

轨道车辆安全性的实施方法和具体操作

轨道车辆安全性是RAMS(可靠性、可用性、可维护性和安全性)的特性之一,在车辆的设计、制造中具有非常重要的作用。介绍了实施轨道车辆安全性的方法和具体操作步骤。在具体操作中引入了车辆的风险概念和可接受原则,说明了所要分析危险事件的范围。介绍了车辆功能分解的意义和作用,以及如何进行初步风险分析和确定安全性关键项目清单;同时介绍了如何利用故障树分析法得出车辆故障状态的发生频率。