Partial recharge strategies for the electric vehicle routing problem with time windows

The Electric Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (EVRPTW) is an extension to the well-known Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (VRPTW) where the fleet consists of electric vehicles (EVs). Since EVs have limited driving range due to their battery capacities they may need to visit recharging stations while servicing the customers along their route. The recharging may take place at any battery level and after the recharging the battery is assumed to be full. In this paper, we relax the full recharge restriction and allow partial recharging (EVRPTW-PR), which is more practical in the real world due to shorter recharging duration. We formulate this problem as a 0–1 mixed integer linear program and develop an Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search (ALNS) algorithm to solve it efficiently. We apply several removal and insertion mechanisms by selecting them dynamically and adaptively based on their past performances, including new mechanisms specifically designed for EVRPTW and EVRPTW-PR. These new mechanisms include the removal of the stations independently or along with the preceding or succeeding customers and the insertion of the stations with determining the charge amount based on the recharging decisions. We test the performance of ALNS by using benchmark instances from the recent literature. The computational results show that the proposed method is effective in finding high quality solutions and the partial recharging option may significantly improve the routing decisions.     

Effectiveness of incentives on electric vehicle adoption in Norway

Battery Electric vehicles (BEVs) shift pollution off the road and to potentially less damaging and more varied sources than petroleum. Depending on the source of electricity, a transition to electrified personal transportation can dramatically reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants. However current EVs tend to be more expensive and have shorter range, which can hinder public adoption. Government incentives can be used to alleviate these factors and encourage adoption. Norway has a long history incentivizing BEV adoption including measures such as exemption from roadway tolls, access to charging infrastructure, point of sale tax incentives, and usage of public bus use limited lanes. This paper analyzed the sales of electric vehicles on a regional and municipal basis in Norway and then cross analyzed these with the corresponding local demographic data and incentive measures to attempt to ascertain which factors lead to higher BEV adoption. It was concluded that access to BEV charging infrastructure, being adjacent to major cities, and regional incomes had the greatest predictive power for the growth of BEV sales. It was also concluded that short-range vehicles showed somewhat more income and unemployment sensitivity than long-range vehicles. Toll exemptions and the right to use bus designated lanes do not seem to have statistically significant predictive power for BEV sales in our linear municipal-level models, but this could be due to neighboring major cities containing those incentive features.     

How experience of use influences mass-market drivers’ willingness to consider a battery electric vehicle: A randomised controlled trial

Uptake of electric vehicles (EVs) by consumers could reduce CO₂ emissions from light duty road transport, but little is known about how mass-market consumer drivers will respond to them. Self-Congruity theory proposes that products are preferred whose symbolic meanings are congruent with personal identity. Further, Construal Level theory suggests that only those who are psychologically close to a new product category through direct experience with it can make concrete construals related to their lifestyles; most drivers lack this for EVs. For instance, potential performance benefits of EVs might offset range limitations for consumers who have such direct experience. The effect of direct experience was tested in a randomised controlled trial with 393 mass-market consumer drivers. An experimental group were given direct experience of a modern battery electric vehicle (BEV), and a control group an equivalent conventional car. Despite rating the performance of the BEV more highly than that of the conventional car, willingness to consider a BEV declined after experience, particularly if the range of the BEV considered was short. The participants willing to consider a short-range BEV were those high in self-congruity, for whom the BEV could act as a strong symbol of personal identity.     

An assessment of UK drivers’ attitudes regarding the forthcoming ban on the sale of petrol and diesel vehicles

The purpose of the study was to predict how drivers of petrol or diesel cars might vote in a ‘Yes/No’ referendum concerning the UK government’s decision to ban from 2040 onwards the sale of all new non-electric vehicles. Five main factors were hypothesised to influence voting intention: a person’s (i) level of environmental concern, (ii) attitude towards electric cars (measured via an Implicit Association Test), (iii) belief about the importance of air pollution, (iv) driving requirements, and (v) reaction to the cost of the ban to the individual (assessed using a contingency valuation approach). The study also examined possible determinants of attitudes to electric vehicles, e.g., whether an individual was a ‘technology enthusiast’, had prior knowledge of and searched for knowledge about electric vehicles, and whether a person had played an online game where the player assumed the identity of an electric car driver. A structural equation model was developed and tested on a sample of 675 UK drivers, none of whom had ever owned or driven an electric car. The results suggested a good fit of the model to the data, except that neither environmental concern nor belief in the importance of clean air affected attitude to electric cars. Also, high levels of environmental concern did not motivate people to search for knowledge about electric vehicles. Social marketing campaigns that will be needed to precede the ban should focus on its health benefits, and not target particular age groups, gender, or whether a participant had children.     

SF—350型滑模式水泥混凝土摊铺机的电路原理

介绍了美国ＣＭＩ公司生产的ＳＦ－３５０型滑模式水泥混凝土摊铺机的电路原理、电气图、并对操作按钮功能做了描述。     

电动汽车—未来的先进交通工具

介绍了电动汽车的发展史，电动汽车的技术发展状况及电动汽车关键设备的结构特点，指出找国汽车行业应加速电动汽车技术的开发，迎接未来无污染汽车法规的挑战。     

电动汽车用电池的发展概况

电池是决定电动汽车性能的主要因素,近年来发展较快,本文概述了电动汽车用电池的种类、基本技术指标、现状及发展趋势。     

电动汽车技术及其应用

阐述了研究和开发电动汽车的重要性，介绍了国内外电动汽车研究发展的动态和研究成果，分析了目前电动汽车研究的新型能源和电机控制等关键技术，并对我国推广应用电动汽车提出了合理化的建议。     

电动汽车中间冷却式二氧化碳热泵系统试验研究

为提升CO2热泵系统的综合性能,提出了一种新型电动汽车用中间冷却式CO2热泵系统,并试验对比了其与基本跨临界CO2系统的性能.结果显示:35℃制冷工况下,中间冷却式系统的性能与基本系统相当;45℃制冷工况下,中间冷却式系统的最大制冷量和最优性能系数较基本系统分别提升了 19.8％和12.8％;制热工况下,中间冷却系统的...     

基于深度强化学习的分布式电驱动车辆扭矩分配策略

为在保证分布式电驱动车辆制动稳定性的前提下实现经济性的提升,提出了基于深度强化学习的分布式驱动前、后轴扭矩分配策略.在建立分布式电驱动车辆关键部件物理模型的基础上,基于车辆模型及制动稳定性约束,建立了基于深度强化学习的扭矩最优分配控制模型,并对传统固定比值的扭矩分配策略和所提出的策略进行了对比,结果表明:在新欧洲驾驶循...