气力推进艇航迹跟踪控制建模及仿真分析

在对气力推进艇的运行阻力进行分析的基础上,给出气力推进艇在惯性坐标系x Oy中的受力状态,并建立航迹跟踪的动力学和运动学控制模型。基于控制模型建立应用PID控制器的Simulink仿真模型;结合研究对象的特征选择相应的仿真参数,在多次调试优化的基础上确定PID控制器的设计参数,并对圆形封闭轨迹、直线轨迹和阶跃轨迹的航迹跟踪效果进行仿真分析。结果表明:对于圆形封闭轨迹跟踪,在初始的1/4周期内跟踪误差较大,此后的持续跟踪效果良好;对于直线开放型轨迹跟踪,跟踪误差较小,可控制在1 m以内;对于阶跃轨迹跟踪,过渡过程响应时间为10 s,稳态误差为1 m。     

船用LNG发动机掺烧模拟废气-燃料重整气缸内燃烧过程仿真

为研究废气燃料重整再循环技术(REGR)对船用LNG发动机性能的影响,搭建试验台架,进行性能测试;运用AVL-fire软件建立发动机燃烧室仿真模型,并依据试验数据验证仿真模型的准确性。基于该模型进行各负荷下不同废气再循环系统(EGR)率及在确定的EGR率下掺烧不同比例模拟重整气的仿真计算,并以75%负荷下的工况为例进行详细分析。计算结果表明,随着EGR率的升高,缸内平均压力和平均温度的峰值下降,燃烧过程整体后移,燃烧持续期增加,发动机的指示功率和NO比排放下降,指示燃油消耗率增加;掺混重整气比例增加,缸内平均压力和温度峰值升高,燃烧持续期缩短,指示功率和NO比排放升高,在重整气掺混率升高到一定程度时,指示燃油消耗率明显下降。综合分析发现,使用REGR技术可在不牺牲发动机的动力性和经济性的前提下降低液化天然气(LNG)发动机的NO比排放。     

虚拟机舱管路布局算法优化设计

针对当前船舶管路布局设计主要依靠经验丰富的设计人员手动敷设完成,为提高管路自动化布局效率,提出了一种基于改进遗传算法的三维空间管路设计方法,以辅助设计者完成管路布局工作。通过在经典遗传算法的整体框架中引入免疫选择机制,增加免疫检测算子和免疫平衡算子,改进了遗传算法仅依靠适应度值选择后代个体易造成算法陷入局部最优解的不足,维护了种群多样性,提高了算法运行效率。以船舶机舱为对象建立虚拟机舱仿真环境,采用栅格法对布局空间进行划分,以十进制浮点数编码方式进行算法编码设计。MATLAB仿真结果验证了改进遗传算法在管路布局优化设计问题上的可行性和搜索效率,采用C#语言编写脚本控制程序,在Unity3D虚拟机舱环境中实现了管路路径的布局设计。     

基于BIM构建航道地形曲面模型的改进方法

针对航道工程存在的离散地形数据或地形数据空值区域导致所创建地形曲面不够光滑、会出现深凹或凸起的问题,提出采用克里金插值法(Kriging)对航道区域离散的地形数据进行直接内插填补,再通过BIM技术构建航道地形曲面模型。结果表明,离散的地形数据经Kriging空间插值生成的地形曲面模型,更贴近实际效果及地形趋势走向,可真实显现航道现状三维地形。研究成果可为测绘单位开展BIM工作提供借鉴。     

随轴系做复杂空间运动的船舶 螺旋桨水动性能计算

船舶航行时,附在转轴上的螺旋桨通常做复杂的空间运动。这是因为一方面螺旋桨和转轴不可避免地存在偏心,使得在不平衡激励下转轴在绕自身中心线旋转的同时又发生空间涡动(又称为进动);另一方面,螺旋桨通常工作在不均匀的流场中(即使来流均匀,轴系涡动亦会导致流场的不均匀),桨叶表面的脉动力也会导致转轴的空间振动。对具有复杂三维运动的螺旋桨的水动性能预报是一个难点。本文建立了螺旋桨在流场中随轴系做复杂空间运动时的水动力预报数学模型,并利用不定常面元法求解了这一问题。该方法按时间步顺序求解,考虑了不均匀流场、轴系振动、尾涡的非线性运动及卷曲等因素。利用本文提出的方法并结合结构动力学模型,可以方便地研究流体-螺旋桨-轴系双向流固耦合等问题。同时该方法也可以用来预报船舶转弯、船舶升沉及纵摇振荡、螺旋桨启停及加速等复杂工况下的螺旋桨水动性能。文中通过一个算例验证了算法的有效性。最后,预报了轴系纵向振动幅值为1 mm,振动频率为3 Hz并伴有微量回旋振动时所引起的4381螺旋桨的脉动力。研究表明推力脉动分量大约为其静态分量的4.5/1 000,扭矩脉动分量大约为其静态分量的4/1 000。     

Network-wide impacts of eco-routing strategies: A large-scale case study

This paper quantifies the system-wide impacts of implementing a dynamic eco-routing system, considering various levels of market penetration and levels of congestion in downtown Cleveland and Columbus, Ohio, USA. The study concludes that eco-routing systems can reduce network-wide fuel consumption and emission levels in most cases; the fuel savings over the networks range between 3.3% and 9.3% when compared to typical travel time minimization routing strategies. We demonstrate that the fuel savings achieved through eco-routing systems are sensitive to the network configuration and level of market penetration of the eco-routing system. The results also demonstrate that an eco-routing system typically reduces vehicle travel distance but not necessarily travel time. We also demonstrate that the configuration of the transportation network is a significant factor in defining the benefits of eco-routing systems. Specifically, eco-routing systems appear to produce larger fuel savings on grid networks compared to freeway corridor networks. The study also demonstrates that different vehicle types produce similar trends with regard to eco-routing strategies. Finally, the system-wide benefits of eco-routing generally increase with an increase in the level of the market penetration of the system.     

基于多体动力学和有限元理论的汽车转向节疲劳设计

以汽车前悬转向节开发为例，综合应用系统动力学仿真分析方法和有限元分析方法，对汽车转向节的结构进行了不同极限工况下的强度分析，得到转向节上的应力分布，并在此基础上进行了耐久性疲劳分析。通过对结果的分析，找出改进设计的方向，缩短了开发周期，节约了开发成本。     

A zone design methodology for national freight origin–destination data and transportation modeling

The zone system used for freight data collection and the geographic resolution of published data has a significant impact on analysis and planning. The majority of existing freight model zones are created in an ad hoc way. In this paper, a new model-based design method is introduced to develop freight zones for the continental USA. It focuses on two methodology issues: (1) the criteria that represent the desired properties of a zone system and (2) the constraints that govern the shape, size, and continuity of zones. The method is applied to the continental USA by optimizing an interzonal travel distance weighted by freight flows using county-level freight data. Several optimal national-level freight zone systems with different numbers of zones are developed. The results indicate that a 300-zone system provides a balance between the number of zones and optimization measures where the currently available public freight data are provided with approximately 100 zones.     

Are vehicle trajectories simulated by dynamic traffic models relevant for estimating fuel consumption?

This paper questions the relevance of microscopic traffic models for estimating the impact of traffic strategies on fuel consumption. Urban driving cycles from the ARTEMIS database are simplified into piecewise linear speed profiles to mimic the classical outputs of microscopic traffic flow models. Fuel consumption is estimated for real and simplified trajectories and links between kinematics and the fuel consumption errors are investigated. Simplifying trajectories causes fuel consumption underestimation, from −1.2 to −5.2% on average according to the level of simplification; errors can approach −20% for some cycles. A focus on kinematic phases indicates that the maximum speed reached and the time decelerating are the main influences on fuel consumption. Finally, in the case where maximum speeds are estimated correctly, it is shown that errors committed at each kinematic phase when acceleration distributions are approximated by their mean values, converge towards small errors over complete cycles. A method is developed to quantify and reduce these errors.     

Scaled vehicle tire characteristics: dimensionless analysis

This article demonstrates the use of dimensional analysis for scaled vehicle tires. The motivation for this approach is the understanding of realistic nonlinear tire behavior in scaled vehicle control studies. By examining the behavior of vehicle tires within a dimensionless framework, several key tire parameters are developed that allow for an appropriate relationship between full-sized tires and scaled tires. Introducing these scalings into vehicle dynamics studies allows for the development of scaled vehicles that have a high degree of dynamic similitude with full-sized vehicles, but are safer and more economical testbeds on which to develop experimental control strategies. Experimental data are used to compare the nonlinear characteristics for sets of scaled and full-sized tires. Finally, design of a scaled vehicle based on tire characteristics is demonstrated.