The impact of road grade on carbon dioxide (CO2) emission of a passenger vehicle in real-world driving

To accurately estimate real-world vehicle emission at 1 Hz the road grade for each second of data must be quantified. Failure to incorporate road grade can result in over or underestimation of a vehicle’s power output and hence cause inaccuracy in the instantaneous emission estimate. This study proposes a simple LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) – GIS (Geographic Information System) road grade estimation methodology, using GIS software to interpolate the elevation for each second of data from a Digital Terrain Map (DTM). On-road carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from a passenger car were recorded by Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) over 48 test laps through an urban-traffic network. The test lap was divided into 8 sections for micro-scale analysis. The PHEM instantaneous emission model (Hausberger, 2003) was employed to estimate the total CO₂ emission through each lap and section. The addition of the LiDAR-GIS road grade to the PHEM modelling improved the accuracy of the CO₂ emission predictions. The average PHEM estimate (with road grade) of the PEMS measured section total CO₂ emission (n = 288) was 93%, with 90% of the PHEM estimates between 80% and 110% of the PEMS recorded value. The research suggests that instantaneous emission modelling with LiDAR-GIS calculated road grade is a viable method for generating accurate real-world micro-scale CO₂ emission estimates. The sensitivity of the CO₂ emission predictions to road grade was also tested by lessening and exaggerating the gradient profiles, and demonstrates that assuming a flat profile could cause considerable error in real-world CO₂ emission estimation.     

Stop-and-go traffic analysis: Theoretical properties,environmental impacts and oscillation mitigation

This study aims (i) to analyze theoretical properties of a recently proposed describing-function (DF) based approach (Li and Ouyang, 2011; Li et al., 2012) for traffic oscillation quantification, (ii) to adapt it for estimating fuel consumption and emission from traffic oscillation and (iii) to explore vehicle control strategies of smoothing traffic with advanced technologies. The DF approach was developed to predict traffic oscillation propagation across a platoon of vehicles following each other by a nonlinear car-following law with only the leading vehicle’s input. We first simplify the DF approach and prove a set of properties (e.g., existence and uniqueness of its solution) that assure its prediction is always consistent with observed traffic oscillation patterns. Then we integrate the DF approach with existing estimation models of fuel consumption and emission to analytically predict environmental impacts (i.e., unit-distance fuel consumption and emission) from traffic oscillation. The prediction results by the DF approach are validated with both computer simulation and field measurements. Further, we explore how to utilize advantageous features of emerging sensing, communication and control technologies, such as fast response and information sharing, to smooth traffic oscillation and reduce its environmental impacts. We extend the studied car-following law to incorporate these features and apply the DF approach to demonstrate how these features can help dampen the growth of oscillation and environmental impact measurements. For information sharing, we convert the corresponding extended car-following law into a new fixed point problem and propose a simple bisecting based algorithm to efficiently solve it. Numerical experiments show that these new car-following control strategies can effectively suppress development of oscillation amplitude and consequently mitigate fuel consumption and emission.     

考虑车道荷载差异的多车道桥梁横向折减系数

为考虑车道荷载差异对多车道桥梁横向折减系数的影响，提出横向折减系数的多系数表达模式，并改进基于独立重复试验的相遇车道荷载方法以进行系数校核。首先，引入反映车道荷载差异性的车道修正系数和体现多车道荷载相遇概率的车道组合系数，形成横向折减系数的多系数表达模式。其次，改进目前常用的基于独立重复试验的相遇车道荷载方法，将车道交通流量及荷载分布的差异性涵盖进来。随后，参数化研究横向折减系数的关键影响参量，包括货车通过控制断面的平均时间、荷载重现期、车道交通量和车道荷载分布等。最后，基于某高速公路实测动态称重数据，给出采用该方法校核横向折减系数的详细过程，并与传统方法及JTG D60-2015规范方法所得结果进行对比。研究表明：所提出的改进相遇车道荷载方法，摈弃了传统方法中车重正态分布、车道荷载同分布、最大观测车重与均值3.5倍偏差关系等备受质疑的假设，是更一般性的解答。参数化分析表明：货车通过控制断面的平均时间和荷载重现期对结果影响很小，货车荷载模型及其在车道间差异性则影响很显著，说明对车道荷载分布规律进行准确建模的重要性。实测车道货车荷载数据统计发现：货车的交通量和荷载分布在车道之间具有明显的差异，传统方法和规范方法给出的横向折减系数均高估了实际情况，最大达19%，可能造成设计与管养资源的浪费；而基于该方法校核的横向折减系数，更能深入揭示各车道荷载的贡献规律，准确反映不同车道组合作用下的荷载横向折减规律，具有显著的工程应用价值。     

盾构法施工隧道个体降温防噪设备设计研究

为有效改善盾构隧道内施工人员个体作业环境,降低施工人员个体作业温度和接触噪声,通过调研、系统总结、软件建模等方法,分析隧道内高温及噪声对作业人员身心健康的影响,从设备设计依据、应具备的主要功能、关键技术参数、设计方案比选、总体方案设计、工作原理等方面对个体降温防噪设备进行设计研究,研发一种盾构法施工隧道作业环境个体防护设备。该设备由特制防护服、轻量化定位通信制冷器、降噪耳机、小型便携式电源等组成,创新性地将降温、防噪、通信及定位功能结合起来,实现个体防护设备功能的多样化和实用化,特别适用于具有作业人员少、粉尘含量低等特点的盾构法施工隧道。     

海洋工程低噪音空调通风系统设计分析

分析海洋工程生活模块空调通风系统噪声的产生及传播方式,并通过对噪声传播的计算公式及经验图表加以分析,总结出低噪声空调通风系统在设计阶段应注意考虑的设计因素及布置方法,为低噪音空调通风系统设计提供参考。     

变频冷却海水系统在自航式绞吸挖泥船上的应用研究

通过对变频冷却水系统的研究,针对自航式绞吸挖泥船在不同工况下热负荷的差异,探讨变频冷却水系统在自航绞吸挖泥船上的优势,提出设计、计算及逻辑控制的解决方案。     

疏水微形貌表面水下减阻研究进展

疏水微形貌表面减阻是一种新型仿生减阻方法,也是国内外减阻研究领域的热点之一。该文在分析天然及人造疏水微形貌表面界面一般特性的基础上,从壁面滑移流动、表面微形貌等角度总结了国内外疏水微形貌表面减阻理论研究的最新成果,然后分类给出了近年来疏水微形貌表面减阻微观及宏观试验的研究进展,最后分析了疏水微形貌表面可能的减阻机理及目前存在的技术问题。     

基于PLC的船用SCR废气减排与综合利用

近年来,国家越来越重视对环境的保护,加强对各种交通工具的排放控制,通过一些措施对其进行废气减排。船舶作为一种大型的交通运输工具,在为交通运输业与经济发展做出巨大贡献的同时,也对自然环境造成了较大污染。船用柴油机会产生很多的含有氮氧化物的废气,事实证明这些氮氧化物对大气具有很大危害。而选择性催化还原系统(SCR系统)是一种专门针对氮氧化物的控制减排技术,可以有效的减少船舶柴油机废气中50%以上的氮氧化物。本文基于PLC技术,对船用的SCR废气减排与综合利用系统进行了系统的分析与研究。     

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针对公路运输面临节能减排的严峻形势,提出一种公路运输周转量的空间计量模型来分析公路运输周转量的空间相关性。首先,用空间自相关Moran指数法检验中国省域公路运输周转量的全域空间依赖性,然后,利用公路运输周转量的局域空间相关性检验确定空间集群效应高的地区。在此基础上,构建公路运输周转量的空间滞后模型和空间误差模型,分析省域公路运输周转量的影响因素。通过情景假设考察空间集群效应高的地区,公路运输周转量减少对周边地区的影响,以及其对全国节能减排效果的贡献。     

车用Urea-SCR系统结构参数优化研究

为了对柴油机SCR系统喷射区和催化转化区进行优化,采用AVL Fire软件对某型号柴油机SCR系统进行了三维建模。分别对比了尿素喷嘴喷孔数、催化器结构型式及转向型催化器内扩散器的几何参数对SCR系统转化效率的影响。研究表明,最佳尿素喷孔数为4~6个,当使用转向型催化器并且扩散器处开孔区域角度在180°~270°之间时能达到最佳的优化效果。