Contrasting the direct use of data from traffic radars and video-cameras with traffic simulation in the estimation of road emissions and PM hotspot analysis

This study investigates the effect of traffic volume and speed data on the simulation of vehicle emissions and hotspot analysis. Data from a microwave radar and video cameras were first used directly for emission modelling. They were then used as input to a traffic simulation model whereby vehicle drive cycles were extracted to estimate emissions. To reach this objective, hourly traffic data were collected from three periods including morning peak (6–9 am), midday (11–2 pm), and afternoon peak (3–6 pm) on a weekday (June 23, 2016) along a high-volume corridor in Toronto, Canada. Traffic volumes were detected by a single radar and two video cameras operated by the Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research. Traffic volume and composition derived from the radar had lower accuracy than the video camera data and the radar performance varied by lane exhibiting poorer performance in the remote lanes. Radar speeds collected at a single point on the corridor had higher variability than simulated traffic speeds, and average speeds were closer after model calibration. Traffic emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5) were estimated using radar data as well as using simulated traffic based on various speed aggregation methods. Our results illustrate the range of emission estimates (NO_x: 4.0–27.0 g; PM₁₀: 0.3–4.8 g; PM_2.5: 0.2–1.3 g) for the corridor. The estimates based on radar speeds were at least three times lower than emissions derived from simulated vehicle trajectories. Finally, the PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 near-road concentrations derived from emissions based on simulated speeds were two or three times higher than concentrations based on emissions derived using radar data. Our findings are relevant for project-level emission inventories and PM hot-spot analysis; caution must be exercised when using raw radar data for emission modeling purposes.     

Explaining shipping company participation in voluntary vessel emission reduction programs

Ports are under increasing pressures to increase sustainability and reduce the local and global emissions impacts associated with their operations. Due to limits on their jurisdictional authority, ports may design effective voluntary programs and appropriately motivate participation from global shipping companies that visit their ports. This paper investigates the success of the Vessel Speed Reduction Program at the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach and uses qualitative methods to analyze the factors that contributed to the success of the program at reducing local air quality pollutants. In particular, why did individual private firms participate in a non-required, voluntary effort? This research found that external pressures such as community concerns about emissions and regulatory threats are important to motivating voluntary behavior and may even be more important than financial incentives. Furthermore, simplicity of program design, clear goals and presence of a monitoring mechanism are important in influencing participation. These findings broaden our understanding of the business strategy behind slow steaming and its applicability as an operational practice as much work to date is focused on how fuel prices and financial incentives influence the choice for shipping companies to slow their speeds. While the VSR program led to significant emission reductions, an additional lesson for voluntary programs is the need for them to evolve and strive for continuous improvement.     

The significant impacts on traffic and emissions of ferrying children to school in Beijing

After having implemented numerous regulations, e.g., coercive policies on vehicle use and purchase, it is becoming increasingly difficult to find further potential to control vehicle emissions in Beijing, as the air quality is still poor. This research provides a different approach for policy-makers to reduce vehicle emissions by managing demand. We found that parents ferrying their children to and from school is an important but long-neglected contributor to traffic congestion and vehicle emissions. This phenomenon is very common in China because of the social culture. In this research, parallel tests during both the school season and the non-school season were adopted, and emissions in both seasons were calculated based on travel demand and emission models. The results revealed that emissions factors (in g/km) for criteria pollutants and CO₂ increased by over 10% during rush hours during the school season due to traffic condition deterioration compared with non-school season. Daily HC, CO, NO_x, PM and CO₂ emissions from the passenger car fleet were 8.3%, 7.8%, 6.4%, 6.3% and 6.5% higher compared with those during the non-school season, respectively. These differences are greater than the total vehicular emission reduction by other control measures in 2014 in Beijing. For policy makers, providing safe and efficient ways to ferry children would be a useful and harmonious strategy for future vehicle emission control.     

广深港客运专线隧道下穿地铁施工安全分析

针对广深港客运专线某隧道下穿地铁3号线工程,采用数值模拟与现场监测的方法,研究客运专线隧道下穿既有地铁线路施工的安全性。利用三维强度折减法,对三维数值模拟模型进行计算得到整体安全系数。研究结果表明:当采用三台阶法施工时,既有地铁隧道结构竖向位移为5.4 mm,与监测结果较吻合,满足运营要求;整体模型安全系数为3.78,夹岩保持稳定。根据计算与监测结果可知:近接工程安全。最后,提出相应设计对策,应采取管棚作为预支护措施、旋喷桩改良地层、复合式衬砌结构,采用控制爆破开挖减少对地层破坏,支护早封闭勤量测。     

上海轨道交通12号线通风空调系统设计

通风空调系统运行能耗巨大,其设计是城市轨道交通系统总体设计中的重中之重。基于相关标准和节能减排要求,确定了上海轨道交通12号线工程通风空调系统的运行模式,并对区间隧道(含辅助线)通风系统兼排烟系统、车站车轨区排热兼排烟系统、车站公共区通风空调系统、设备管理用房通风空调系统、空调冷源及水系统的设计进行了详细阐述。     

城市轨道交通通风空调消声降噪设计要点分析

城市轨道交通的通风空调工程对环境影响评价的主要内容是风亭、冷却塔等对声环境和空气质量的影响。工程设计中应注意准确理解相关名词概念。《地铁设计规范》中明确的噪声防护距离是以常规设备为前提的,但必要时可采用低噪声设备或降噪措施来满足要求。在城市轨道交通环境评价中的噪声限值均是等效连续A声级。合成A声级采用的计算公式在首次使用前应进行验证。在背景噪声超标的情况下,应加大对风亭、冷却塔的消声降噪程度。在设计中还应充分重视冷却塔的选址以及准确识别声环境类别的重要性。     

过复杂建筑群处城市隧道弱干扰减振控制技术

在胶州湾湾口海底隧道接线隧道掘进中采用的弱干扰减振技术和其他技术控制措施,有效地控制了爆破过程中的震动影响,减轻和降低了对紧邻施工作业面的城市道路及房屋干扰,总结形成论文为城市地下工程爆破作业提供一些参考。     

公路隧道节能减排对策

研究目的:公路隧道作为能源消耗大户,其节能减排得到我国交通运输主管部门的高度重视。调查研究表明,我国公路隧道节能减排工作取得一定成效的同时,还存在不少深层次问题。在分析影响公路隧道节能减排因素的基础上,从系统工程角度提出公路隧道节能减排对策,以期为我国公路隧道节能减排工作深入发展提供参考。研究结论:当前我国公路隧道节能减排存在问题主要包括经济和社会效益的平衡、节能技术产品推广应用、规范节能统计指标体系、节能减排专项资金投入、相关政策和法规的支持等方面。影响公路隧道节能减排的主要因素有土建结构、机电设施、交通特点、经济能力和自然条件等。公路隧道节能减排对策是结构节能、技术节能和管理节能。     

列车发生紧急制动的原因与分析

列车运行中发生紧急制动时,其成因主要分为非可控性与可控性故障.非可控性故障属突发性的;可控性故障是在机车制动机实施制动减压进程中所发生的,其处理与防止措施也有所区别.     

基于强度折减系数谱的规则桥梁弹塑性地震反应分析方法

选用43次地震中获得的350条地震波,进行单自由度(SDOF)系统的非线性时程分析。运用统计回归方法,得到4类场地上SDOF系统强度折减系数与弹性周期和位移延性比的关系谱。将规则桥梁等效为SDOF系统,提出利用弹性反应谱和强度折减系数谱计算规则桥梁最大弹塑性地震反应的简化方法。等效SDOF系统的恢复力关系通过桥墩塑性铰截面的弯矩-曲率分析确定,并考虑了桥墩基础弹性变形的影响。运用给出的简化方法和非线性时程分析,对32 m铁路简支梁桥在罕遇地震下自振周期及墩顶最大位移进行计算,验证了该方法的有效性。该方法既可用于桥梁结构的抗震设计,也可用于抗震评估分析。