Operating cost based cruise speed reduction for ground delay programs: Effect of scope length

Ground delay programs typically involve the delaying of aircraft that are departing from origin airports within some set distance of a capacity constrained destination airport. Long haul flights are not delayed in this way. A trade-off exists when fixing the distance parameter: increasing the ‘scope’ distributes delay among more aircraft and may reduce airborne holding delay but could also result in unnecessary delay in the (frequently observed) case of early program cancellation. In order to overcome part of this drawback, a fuel based cruise speed reduction strategy aimed at realizing airborne delay, was suggested by the authors in previous publications. By flying slower, at a specific speed, aircraft that are airborne can recover part of their initially assigned delay without incurring extra fuel consumption if the ground delay program is canceled before planned. In this paper, the effect of the scope of the program is assessed when applying this strategy. A case study is presented by analyzing all the ground delay programs that took place at San Francisco, Newark Liberty and Chicago O’Hare International airports during one year. Results show that by the introduction of this technique it is possible to define larger scopes, partially reducing the amount of unrecovered delay.     

渗流作用下利用有限元强度折减法的边坡稳定性分析

应用ADINA程序分析了天然情况下边坡的稳定性,得到了安全系数和滑面的位置,并与ANSYS以及传统条分法GEO-SLOPE程序的计算结果进行了对比;在渗流作用下,基于渗流方程和温度方程的原理,把温度场所对应的温度荷载转化为孔隙水压力荷载施加在稳定性分析的计算模型上,对边坡进行了稳定性分析。结果表明,采用该方法计算得到的安全系数与采用传统极限平衡法计算得到的安全系数相比,两者之间的误差在3%以内,说明利用温度场进行渗流计算,再采用有限元强度折减法来进行边坡的稳定性分析是可行的。     

不同管道特征对声发射信号幅度的衰减影响

分析了引起声发射信号衰减的各种原因,采用美国PAC公司的声发射仪,对一个复杂特征管道中声发射信号的幅度衰减情况进行了试验测量,得出了不同管道特征对声发射信号幅度的衰减影响的结论,并提出相关的建议.     

二次补气阀的技术要求和试验方法

二次补气阀是摩托车发动机排放净化的关键零部件之一,通过单向进气阀从外界吸入空气到排气管内,为氧化催化剂的高效工作补充氧含量,通过调整设定单向进气阀的金属簧片厚度、簧片止口和开口区面积等参数,可控制补气量的大小。     

轻型汽油车工况法排放检测方法相关性研究

研究了任用轻型汽油车稳态ASM、瞬态IMl95、GB18352．1—2001要求的全工况、GB18352．1—2001中的城市工况以及城市工况的第一个循环工况共5种不同的排放检测方法的相关性。测试并分析了3台本田雅阁车辆在这5种排放检测方法下的排放特性。结果表明，瞬态排放检测方法比稳态ASM方法能较全面地反映车辆的技术状态，瞬态IM195与GB18352．1—200l中城市工况检测方法的相关性较高，其中HC与NOx高于90％，CO也达57％以上。     

Effects of economic disincentives on private car use

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of economic disincentives on private car use. Eighty two-adult households who were owners of at least one car were randomly assigned to three experimental groups and one control group. Both experimental and control groups logged their car trips during one week before, one week during, and one week after treatment. The treatment consisted of charging two of the experimental groups approximately 100% of normal cost per kilometer of driving during 2 weeks, and charging the third experimental group this amount per kilometer of driving during 4 weeks. With the purpose of investigating whether deliberate planning increases the effect of economic disincentives, the households in one of the former and in the latter group were asked to fill out a prospective car log for the following week. The control group was not charged or requested to fill out a prospective car log but was in other respects treated in the same way. Analyses of the car logs and odometer readings during and at the end of treatment showed a weak reduction of car use due to the economic disincentives that however were almost completely dependent on planning.     

D6114柴油/CNG双燃料发动机的试验研究

D6114柴油/CNG双燃料增压中冷发动机当以双燃料方式工作时,发动机起动和怠速只燃用柴油;当转速超过某设定值,电控系统发出指令限制柴油的喷油量,天然气经混合器进入气缸参与燃烧,此时少量柴油供给主要起引燃作用,发动机负荷变化则通过改变天然气供给量的大小来实现。分析了进气温度、替代率、供油提前角对性能和排放的影响,指出按NMHC排放衡量,该双燃料发动机完全可以达到ECER49欧I标准。     

柴油机多环芳香烃排放规律的研究

选用色谱－质谱联用中的选择离子检测技术研究了柴油机多环芳香烃放规律，分析了苯并药芘来源，并采用１３工况法测定了１４种曲环芳香烃物质的比排放量。结果表明，多环芳香烃排放量随着工况的改变有很大的变化；苯并芘完全是在燃料燃烧过程中的；有较多苯环的多环芳香地烃比排放量小，而具有较少苯环的多环芳香烃比排放量大。     

BC131变速器阻尼降噪结构设计

本文说明了对BC131汽车变速器取力孔盖板做阻尼处理后,可降低噪声声功率级3.2dB,本文分三部分:(1) 阻尼结构的减振降噪机理;(2) 实验装置;(3) 声压级及声功率级的测量和计算。     

湿式离合器出油口甩出油温度预测方法

为了实现对湿式离合器出油口甩出油温度传感器的冗余校验和自我诊断，提出了一种基于粒计算约简的离合器出油口甩出油温度的模糊预测方法。首先分析出油口甩出油温度的影响因素，将主要影响因素作为预测输入量，并采用模糊推理理论预测当前离合器出油口甩出油温度。在设计模糊预测方法的过程中，通过分析实车数据得到车辆行驶时离合器处于高滑摩功率过程和低滑摩功率过程的不同特性，分别确定相对应的隶属度函数和模糊预测规则，从而进一步提高出油口甩出油温的预测精度。为了提高模糊预测算法的实时性，基于模糊预测规则创建模糊决策表，模糊输入量和模糊输出量分别作为决策表的条件属性集与决策属性集。利用粒计算理论对模糊决策表的条件属性集进行属性约简，通过削减冗余信息有效降低模糊输入量和模糊预测规则的个数。最后利用实车采集的数据对比分析约简前后模糊预测算法的单步运行时间和预测误差等性能指标。试验结果表明：基于粒计算约简的模糊预测算法能够有效保障预测精度，同时拥有更少的模糊预测规则数和模糊输入量，有效解决了模糊预测算法占用资源较多以及实用性较差的问题。