新的发动机燃烧方式--均质充量压燃燃烧(HCCI)

在往复式发动机中，除了火花点燃式燃烧和柴油压燃燃烧的运转方式外还有第3种运转方式，即均质充量压燃燃烧（HCCI）．HCCI模式发动机的运转情况被认为是高效和稳定的。在部分负荷工况下可以大幅度降低NOx的排放．把HCCI燃烧应用到发动机方面尽管仍有一些困难．但HCCI燃烧方式表明在发动机应用的巨大替力，本文将阐述HCCI与传统发动机燃烧方式的不同及其未来的展望。     

催化控制技术在二冲程通用小型汽油机上的应用

二冲程通用小型汽油机在非道路机械应用广泛,但排放不能满足EPA和欧盟标准,制约着发展。在解决二冲程通用小型汽油机排放的技术方案中,催化转化技术是目前的主流技术。     

Hardware-in-the-loop testbed for evaluating connected vehicle applications

Connected vehicle environment provides the groundwork of future road transportation. Researches in this area are gaining a lot of attention to improve not only traffic mobility and safety, but also vehicles’ fuel consumption and emissions. Energy optimization methods that combine traffic information are proposed, but actual testing in the field proves to be rather challenging largely due to safety and technical issues. In light of this, a Hardware-in-the-Loop-System (HiLS) testbed to evaluate the performance of connected vehicle applications is proposed. A laboratory powertrain research platform, which consists of a real engine, an engine-loading device (hydrostatic dynamometer) and a virtual powertrain model to represent a vehicle, is connected remotely to a microscopic traffic simulator (VISSIM). Vehicle dynamics and road conditions of a target vehicle in the VISSIM simulation are transmitted to the powertrain research platform through the internet, where the power demand can then be calculated. The engine then operates through an engine optimization procedure to minimize fuel consumption, while the dynamometer tracks the desired engine load based on the target vehicle information. Test results show fast data transfer at every 200 ms and good tracking of the optimized engine operating points and the desired vehicle speed. Actual fuel and emissions measurements, which otherwise could not be calculated precisely by fuel and emission maps in simulations, are achieved by the testbed. In addition, VISSIM simulation can be implemented remotely while connected to the powertrain research platform through the internet, allowing easy access to the laboratory setup.     

Multi-criteria optimization of traffic signals: Mobility,safety, and environment

Two-dimensional multi-objective optimizations have been used for decades for the problems in traffic engineering although only few times so far in the optimization of signal timings. While the other engineering and science disciplines have utilized visualization of 3-dimensional Pareto fronts in the optimization studies, we have not seen many of those concepts applied to traffic signal optimization problems. To bridge the gap in the existing knowledge this study presents a methodology where 3-dimensional Pareto Fronts of signal timings, which are expressed through mobility, (surrogate) safety, and environmental factors, are optimized by use of an evolutionary algorithm. The study uses a segment of 5 signalized intersections in West Valley City, Utah, to test signal timings which provide a balance between mobility, safety and environment. In addition, a set of previous developed signal timing scenarios, including some of the Connected Vehicle technologies such as GLOSA, were conducted to evaluate the quality of the 3-dimensional Pareto front solutions. The results show success of 3-dimensinal Pareto fronts moving towards optimality. The resulting signal timing plans do not show large differences between themselves but all improve on the signal timings from the field, significantly. The commonly used optimization of standard single-objective functions shows robust solutions. The new set of Connected Vehicle technologies also shows promising benefits, especially in the area of reducing inter-vehicular friction. The resulting timing plans from two optimization sets (constrained and unconstrained) show that environmental and safe signal timings coincide but somewhat contradict mobility. Further research is needed to apply similar concepts on a variety of networks and traffic conditions before generalizing findings.     

Simulating the air quality impacts of traffic calming schemes in a dense urban neighborhood

In this study, the effects of isolated traffic calming measures and area-wide calming schemes on air quality in a dense neighborhood were estimated using a combination of microscopic traffic simulation, emission, and dispersion modeling. Results indicated that traffic calming measures did not have as large an effect on nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) concentrations as the effect observed on nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions. Changes in emissions resulted in highly disproportional changes in pollutant levels due to daily meteorological conditions, road geometry and orientation with respect to the wind. Average NO₂ levels increased between 0.1% and 10% with respect to the base-case while changes in NO_x emissions varied between 5% and 160%. Moreover, higher wind speeds decreased NO₂ concentrations on both sides of the roadway. Among the traffic calming measures, speed bumps produced the highest increases in NO₂ levels.     

小型直喷式柴油机燃用生物质能燃料的性能研究

文章主要研究了生物质能混合燃料在柴油机上的应用,通过在一台小型直喷式柴油机上进行不同组分柴油-生物柴油-乙醇混合燃料的燃烧、油耗和排放性能对比试验,分析了乙醇含量的改变对混合燃料的发动机燃烧压力、滞燃期、放热规律、比油耗和排放的影响．     

基于便携式排放测试系统与BP神经网络的大型客车排放预测

以大型客车为研究对象,在长沙市的不同道路工况下进行了车载排放测试,借助道路测试得到的数据,利用BP神经网络,以逐秒的速度、加速度、比功率和油耗数据为输入,建立CO2、CO和NOx的排放预测模型,并用部分试验数据进行了验证.结果表明,CO2、CO和NOx预测结果的总体相关系数R为0.9167,线性高度相关,在整体误差水平...     

Z6150Z_LC_Z-5型船用柴油机排放测试试验研究

本文以Z6150ZLCZ-5型柴油机为对象,阐明了船用柴油机排放台架试验的试验要求、主要仪器、台架布置和试验结果,为船用柴油机满足排放标准拓宽思路。     

Emission rates of intermodal rail/road and road-only transportation in Europe: A comprehensive simulation study

Intermodal rail/road transportation combines advantages of both modes of transport and is often seen as an effective approach for reducing the environmental impact of freight transportation. This is because it is often expected that rail transportation emits less greenhouse gases than road transportation. However, the actual emissions of both modes of transport depend on various factors like vehicle type, traction type, fuel emission factors, payload utilization, slope profile or traffic conditions. Still, comprehensive experimental results for estimating emission rates from heavy and voluminous goods in large-scale transportation systems are hardly available so far. This study describes an intermodal rail/road network model that covers the majority of European countries. Using this network model, we estimate emission rates with a mesoscopic model within and between the considered countries by conducting a large-scale simulation of road-only transports and intermodal transports. We show that there are high variations of emission rates for both road-only transportation and intermodal rail/road transportation over the different transport relations in Europe. We found that intermodal routing is more eco-friendly than road-only routing for more than 90% of the simulated shipments. Again, this value varies strongly among country pairs.     

不同管道特征对声发射信号幅度的衰减影响

分析了引起声发射信号衰减的各种原因,采用美国PAC公司的声发射仪,对一个复杂特征管道中声发射信号的幅度衰减情况进行了试验测量,得出了不同管道特征对声发射信号幅度的衰减影响的结论,并提出相关的建议.