天津市在用车辆排放车载测试试验研究

车载排放测试设备OBS-2200先在实验室整车转鼓试验台上与定容采样系统CVS进行对比试验,验证了其对各项排气污染物测量的有效性后,装在选出的有代表性的74辆轻型汽油车上,沿选取的天津市区典型的行驶路线,对车辆的道路排放进行实时测试。依据获取的测试数据,分析了在用车辆的排放现状与车辆状况(采用的排放控制技术、车龄和行驶里程等)之间的关系;并对天津市在用车辆的排放特征进行了分析评估。     

轿车冷起动/暖机工况排放优化

根据欧3/欧4排放法规的要求,对捷达/宝来轿车装备的1.6L2VRSH型发动机冷起动/暖机工况排放进行了优化。通过采取合理选择催化转换器、空燃比标定优化、调整点火提前角、加装二次空气系统等措施,可使1.6L2VRSH型发动机分别满足欧3、欧4排放标准。     

WMTC排放测试循环行驶特征的研究

利用所建立的评价准则数体系,研究了WMTC测试循环的行驶特征及其与FTP、ECE等排放测试循环的差异。研究结果表明,与我国现行的ECEⅡ和即将实行的ECEⅢ测试循环相比,WMTC测试循环怠速比例和稳态工况比例低,瞬态工况比例高,因此对摩托车的排放控制提出了更为苛刻的要求。为满足WMTC测试循环的限值要求,摩托车在速度-加速度平面上各峰值处所对应的工况点,必须以排放最低作为发动机控制策略的目标函数。     

生物柴油应用试验研究

利用B100(纯生物柴油)、B50(50%体积生物柴油和柴油混合)、B20(20%体积生物柴油和柴油混合)等燃料分别对2辆配置了增压中冷车用直喷式柴油机的大客车进行了发动机排放特性试验和整车道路试验。试验结果表明,B100、B50和B20燃料均可以有效降低HC、CO、PM和烟度排放,但动力性下降、油耗率上升、NOx排放有明显增加;燃用B20燃料可以保证在降低排放的同时动力性、耗油率变化不大,因此该种掺烧方式比较适宜。     

混合燃料的含氧量对改善柴油机排放的试验研究

在一台S1100A2型单缸柴油机上,通过在柴油中添加乙醇、甲缩醛(DMM)、碳酸二甲脂(DMC)等3种含氧添加剂,研究了在常用工况下混合燃料的含氧量对柴油机排放特性的影响。试验结果表明,含氧混合燃料可以有效改善柴油机的烟度和CO排放,在大负荷下尤为明显,而对NOx和HC的排放影响较小。     

生命周期评价及其在汽车排放领域的应用

介绍了生命周期评价(LCA)的定义、评估对象、范围、评价思路、步骤及其体系框架,说明了汽车排放分析中存在的两种循环(燃料循环和车辆循环)。通过分析汽车生命周期排放模型及其在CATCH(Clean A ccessible Transport for Community Health)研究中的一个实际应用案例,进一步阐明了生命周期评价在对各种燃料进行排放分析过程中的实际应用价值,最后介绍了生命周期评价在国外汽车企业中的研究发展情况、实际产品以及应用前景。     

加严的排放标准需要更高品质的燃油

阐述了保护环境、降低排放和发展清洁汽车是我国汽车工业可持续发展的基本战略。分析了车用燃油品质对车辆排放的影响,指出先进的排放技术需要更高品质的燃油为前提。加速研制和生产更高品质的燃油对于我国实施国Ⅲ排放标准是当务之急。     

汽油车车载诊断系统(OBD)基本原理及其应用

对OBD法规和试验项目做适当介绍,并分析发动机失火、氧传感器失效模拟、催化器劣化监督模式,最后给出了在一辆低排放汽车上进行的实际OBD演示试验排放结果,指出OBD是控制在用车排放的有效手段。     

利用广安博之模型对柴油机高原运行性能和排放特性的模拟研究

为研究柴油机高原运行的动力性、经济性和排放特性,使用广安博之燃烧模型对一台增压中冷的重型柴油机进行了模拟分析。模拟计算的结果显示,随着海拔高度的增加,柴油机的动力性下降,油耗上升,排放物中的氮氧化物有所减少,而碳烟排放增加。     

Contrasting the direct use of data from traffic radars and video-cameras with traffic simulation in the estimation of road emissions and PM hotspot analysis

This study investigates the effect of traffic volume and speed data on the simulation of vehicle emissions and hotspot analysis. Data from a microwave radar and video cameras were first used directly for emission modelling. They were then used as input to a traffic simulation model whereby vehicle drive cycles were extracted to estimate emissions. To reach this objective, hourly traffic data were collected from three periods including morning peak (6–9 am), midday (11–2 pm), and afternoon peak (3–6 pm) on a weekday (June 23, 2016) along a high-volume corridor in Toronto, Canada. Traffic volumes were detected by a single radar and two video cameras operated by the Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research. Traffic volume and composition derived from the radar had lower accuracy than the video camera data and the radar performance varied by lane exhibiting poorer performance in the remote lanes. Radar speeds collected at a single point on the corridor had higher variability than simulated traffic speeds, and average speeds were closer after model calibration. Traffic emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5) were estimated using radar data as well as using simulated traffic based on various speed aggregation methods. Our results illustrate the range of emission estimates (NO_x: 4.0–27.0 g; PM₁₀: 0.3–4.8 g; PM_2.5: 0.2–1.3 g) for the corridor. The estimates based on radar speeds were at least three times lower than emissions derived from simulated vehicle trajectories. Finally, the PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 near-road concentrations derived from emissions based on simulated speeds were two or three times higher than concentrations based on emissions derived using radar data. Our findings are relevant for project-level emission inventories and PM hot-spot analysis; caution must be exercised when using raw radar data for emission modeling purposes.