基于模型的船用柴油机多目标优化

在船用发动机第一阶段排放法规将要实施的情况下,为兼顾发动机的经济性和排放性,采用基于模型的多目标优化标定方法对船用发动机进行优化。根据排放法规的要求并结合船用发动机的推进特性和工况点,采用混合试验设计(Do E)设计试验工况点,在发动机台架上收集发动机试验数据,通过对试验数据进行分析建立优化标定模型,以经济性最好及满足氮氧化物(NOX)和碳氢化合物(HC)排放要求为目标,以其他排放物和排温为约束条件,应用基于Pareto概念的遗传算法进行优化求解。验证结果表明:法规排放点满足船用发动机一阶段排放法规的要求,氮氧化物(NOX)和碳氢化合物(HC)排放、油耗分别比原机降低12.34%、3.65%,一氧化碳(CO)和颗粒物(PM)排放分别比原机降低33.29%、13.21%;推进特性下工况点得到了较好的优化效果。     

混合燃料的含氧量对改善柴油机排放的试验研究

在一台S1100A2型单缸柴油机上,通过在柴油中添加乙醇、甲缩醛(DMM)、碳酸二甲脂(DMC)等3种含氧添加剂,研究了在常用工况下混合燃料的含氧量对柴油机排放特性的影响。试验结果表明,含氧混合燃料可以有效改善柴油机的烟度和CO排放,在大负荷下尤为明显,而对NOx和HC的排放影响较小。     

Do motor-vehicle users in the US pay their way?

Governments in the US spend over a hundred billion dollars per year to build and maintain roads and provide a variety of services for motor-vehicle users. To pay for these infrastructure and services governments collect revenue from a variety of taxes and fees. The basic objective of this paper is to compare these government expenditures with the corresponding user tax and fee payments in the US. At the outset I argue that the such comparisons tell us something about the equity but not necessarily the economic efficiency of highway financing. I then present four different ways one might tally up government expenditures and user payments, depending on the extent to which one wishes to count “indirect” expenditures (e.g., on prosecuting car thieves) and non-targeted general-tax payments (e.g., severance taxes on oil). I make a comprehensive analysis of all possible expenditures and payments, and then compare them according to three of the four ways of counting expenditures and payments. The analysis indicates that in the US current tax and fee payments to the government by motor-vehicle users fall short of government expenditures related to motor-vehicle use by approximately 20–70 cents per gallon of all motor fuel. (Note that in this accounting we include only government expenditures; we do not include any “external” costs of motor-vehicle use.) The extent to which one counts indirect government expenditures related to motor-vehicle use is a key factor in the comparison.     

我国纳税申报法律制度的弊端分析

我国的纳税申报法律制度的建立已经有了二十多年的历史,其问虽然经过了多次的修改和完善,也极大地促进了税收法治与税收民主,但总体上讲,我国现行的纳税申报法律制度依然存在着相当多的问题,不仅与税收征管改革不配套,而且还存在着侵犯纳税人权益的问题,因此,我们必须修改相关法律法规,以完善我国的纳税申报法律制度．     

柴油-天然气双燃料发动机性能和排放特性研究

本文以某柴油-天然气双燃料发动机为对象,通过台架试验对其性能和排放进行了研究。结果表明,双燃料发动机与原柴油机相比,其可发出的功率与原柴油机相当,动力性不降低;有效燃料消耗率较低,具有良好的经济性;排放性相比原机有明显的改善。     

应用于小型发动机市场的怠速空气控制阀

面对发展中国家越来越严峻的空气污染状况,正在积极制定、颁布更加严厉的小型发动机排放法规和标准。目前,怠速空气控制阀（IACV）与电子燃油喷射（EFI）组合已被广泛应用于大型发动机汽车市场的尾气排放中,这种组合同样也被认为是有助于降低小型发动机尾气排放的最有效的解决方案。     

Modelling greenhouse gas emissions from cars in Great Britain

This paper outlines the issues involved in the problem of global warming. The road transport sector's contributions to this problem are then detailed and various policy options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from private cars are discussed. The paper then describes a model which forecasts greenhouse gas emissions from cars. The effects of various policy options are then modelled and the results compared. Policies considered include: raising fuel prices in terms of the UK government's commitment to increase road fuel duties; subsidising public transport in terms of reduced public transport fares; and a tax differentiated by engine size.     

美国公路项目融资和收费公路

粗略地介绍了美国公路设施建设的融资及其方法的发展,包括美国联邦机动车燃油税由来、收费公路的历史和现状,尤其是对在美国颇具争论的印第安纳收费公路租赁,其成功或失败将对印第安纳乃至全美的交通基础设施建设的融资产生较大影响,为此从历史和现实两方面对其做了详细介绍。     

摩托车国Ⅲ工况法排放技术路线可行性分析（1）

针对较低原始排放发动机,以稳态工况的过量空气系数控制及催化转化器转化效率为基础,在仅考虑化油器及二次补气阀本身控制误差情况下,分析了化油器技术路线的可行性,并对闭环电喷技术路线进行了对比;从理论和实测两方面分析了过量空气系数对尾气排放控制的关键影响。研究结果表明,相较于成熟的传统闭环电喷技术,化油器方案通过国Ⅲ排放法规不具备可行性。     

LJ276M汽油机性能对比试验研究

从动力性和经济性方面对LJ276M电控汽油机与化油器机型进行了对比分析表明,新开发的电控汽油机功率和转矩提高5%以上,最低燃油消耗率降低3%以上。通过工况法排放试验,对电控机型的排放性能进行了分析,结果表明电控机型的CO、HC、NO_x排放值均在国Ⅲ限值的30%以下。