在用车排放检测试验方法的研究

主对比了现行种在用车尾气排放检测方法的优劣。通过详细介绍美国加速模拟工况法（ASM）的工况点的确定和其检测效果,证明了加速模拟工况法的可行性。在分析了美国加速模拟工况法的基础上,提出了适合我国国情的稳态加载试验法的理论和试验方法,并通过十五工况法工况点的频次统计,初步在理论上对稳态加载试验法进行了论证。     

摩托车国Ⅲ工况法排放技术路线可行性分析（1）

针对较低原始排放发动机,以稳态工况的过量空气系数控制及催化转化器转化效率为基础,在仅考虑化油器及二次补气阀本身控制误差情况下,分析了化油器技术路线的可行性,并对闭环电喷技术路线进行了对比;从理论和实测两方面分析了过量空气系数对尾气排放控制的关键影响。研究结果表明,相较于成熟的传统闭环电喷技术,化油器方案通过国Ⅲ排放法规不具备可行性。     

浅谈欧洲混合动力摩托车的测试要求

欧洲对于交通运输业产生的排放污染物影响非常关注,大多数摩托车生产企业都在开发各种新产品和采用新技术来应对严格的法规要求并减少对环境的污染,其中一项技术就是混合动力技术,该项技术已在乘用车上成熟应用.欧洲最新修订指令2009/108/EC详细规定了针对混合动力摩托车进行排放和噪声测试的特殊要求.     

CA4GD1型高性能低排放汽油机的开发

进行了CA4GD1型发动机进气系统、燃烧系统、燃油喷射系统、点火系统和电控系统等的设计。在优化进气道形状的基础上,对不同进气管长度和不同压缩比对发动机性能的影响进行了研究。试验结果表明,CA4GD1汽油机升功率为54 kW/L,升转矩为92.6 N.m/L;经济油耗区域出现在中低速、中高负荷区域,且等油耗曲线在横向拉伸较长,可满足发动机负荷变化不大而转速变化较大的需求;排放满足国IV标准,并具有良好的可靠性。     

新型燃油喷射缸内直喷二冲程汽油机的研究与开发(续1)

将成本低和简单可靠的新型自由电枢式燃油喷射单元FAI（Free Armature Injection）应用于AX-100二冲程汽油机，进行了电控燃油缸内高压直喷的研究和开发，在原机的基础上设计改造了一个适合缸内直喷的进气、供油及燃烧室系统。通过试验，获得了大量的缸内直喷的试验数据和电控参数的MAP图，并分析了喷油量、喷油提前角和点火相位等非常敏感的控制参数对发动机的性能、燃油消耗和排放的影响规律，还做了该直喷发动机和原化油器发动机的性能、燃油消耗和排放的比较。结果表明，新型自由电枢式燃油喷射FAI直喷技术能够成功的应用于缸内高压直喷系统，极大改善了燃油短路的现象和扫气效率，在整个运行范围内燃油消耗大大降低，HC排放改善很多。     

天津市在用车辆排放车载测试试验研究

车载排放测试设备OBS-2200先在实验室整车转鼓试验台上与定容采样系统CVS进行对比试验,验证了其对各项排气污染物测量的有效性后,装在选出的有代表性的74辆轻型汽油车上,沿选取的天津市区典型的行驶路线,对车辆的道路排放进行实时测试。依据获取的测试数据,分析了在用车辆的排放现状与车辆状况(采用的排放控制技术、车龄和行驶里程等)之间的关系;并对天津市在用车辆的排放特征进行了分析评估。     

Effect of a speed reduction of containerships in response to higher energy costs in Sulphur Emission Control Areas

The objective of this paper is to explore the possible consequences of the future low-sulphur fuel requirements in Sulphur Emission Control Areas (SECA) on vessel speed, from the standpoint of the container shipping industry. Rational energy use, speed reduction, and revenues are closely related in the container shipping sector because speed reductions may provide substantial energy and cost savings. The operators could consider reducing their speed in SECA in order to save on fuel that will become relatively expensive. However, to maintain a weekly frequency without adding new ships, such a behaviour implies that the required speed at sea outside the SECA area increases. This paper aims to investigate if such a difference in speed is cost-effective, and if the increase in speed outside SECA may result in an increase in CO₂ emissions of the total cycle. We propose a cost model that estimates the cost-minimising combination of speeds inside and outside SECA, and the resulting CO₂ emissions of the liner service. Applying this model to representative liner services serving North Europe, we find that differentiating speed accordingly slightly decreases total costs and increases CO₂ emissions in a similar way. The results are sensitive to the price of low-sulphur fuels, the part of the cycle in SECA and the number of ships deployed in the service.     

Do motor-vehicle users in the US pay their way?

Governments in the US spend over a hundred billion dollars per year to build and maintain roads and provide a variety of services for motor-vehicle users. To pay for these infrastructure and services governments collect revenue from a variety of taxes and fees. The basic objective of this paper is to compare these government expenditures with the corresponding user tax and fee payments in the US. At the outset I argue that the such comparisons tell us something about the equity but not necessarily the economic efficiency of highway financing. I then present four different ways one might tally up government expenditures and user payments, depending on the extent to which one wishes to count “indirect” expenditures (e.g., on prosecuting car thieves) and non-targeted general-tax payments (e.g., severance taxes on oil). I make a comprehensive analysis of all possible expenditures and payments, and then compare them according to three of the four ways of counting expenditures and payments. The analysis indicates that in the US current tax and fee payments to the government by motor-vehicle users fall short of government expenditures related to motor-vehicle use by approximately 20–70 cents per gallon of all motor fuel. (Note that in this accounting we include only government expenditures; we do not include any “external” costs of motor-vehicle use.) The extent to which one counts indirect government expenditures related to motor-vehicle use is a key factor in the comparison.     

汽油车车载诊断系统(OBD)基本原理及其应用

对OBD法规和试验项目做适当介绍,并分析发动机失火、氧传感器失效模拟、催化器劣化监督模式,最后给出了在一辆低排放汽车上进行的实际OBD演示试验排放结果,指出OBD是控制在用车排放的有效手段。     

加严的排放标准需要更高品质的燃油

阐述了保护环境、降低排放和发展清洁汽车是我国汽车工业可持续发展的基本战略。分析了车用燃油品质对车辆排放的影响,指出先进的排放技术需要更高品质的燃油为前提。加速研制和生产更高品质的燃油对于我国实施国Ⅲ排放标准是当务之急。