重型混合动力车辆能耗排放测试系统的集成和验证

基于重型转鼓及全流定容采样稀释系统,集成了重型混合动力车辆(HD-HEV)能耗排放测试系统。在我国典型城市公交循环下,利用该系统对某并联混合动力公交车辆的能耗排放进行了测量,并对该测试系统进行了评价验证。结果表明,重型转鼓能够以小于2.5%的误差模拟试验车辆的行驶阻力;混合动力车辆的制动能量回收过程可以在转鼓复现;可以以较高的跟踪精度复现测试循环且各重复测试结果的重复性好。     

The development of a policy for road tax in Turkey, using a genetic algorithm approach for demand estimation

This study deals, first, with estimation of transport demand based on Genetic Algorithm (GA) approach, and then deals with the evaluation of the road tax system in Turkey. It proposes an alternative road tax policy. The total transport demand is estimated based on population, Gross Domestic Product per Capita (GDPPC), and vehicle-number. Three forms of the Genetic Algorithm Transport Demand Estimation for Tax Revenues (GATDETR) are developed, of which one is linear, and the second and third are exponential forms of the mathematical expressions. The best-fit GATDETR model in terms of total minimum relative average errors between observed and estimated values are selected for future demand estimation. The evaluation of the road tax system and policy proposal is made based on estimated demand. The Distance-Based-Taxation (DBT) system is proposed in order to control highway transport. With the DBT system, some road users may wish to use railway. Thus, we re-organize the railways in order to meet the demand, but this requires new fund. The DBT system may help to create to this fund. It may also help to develop fair-taxation for the road users. Results show that the GA can be used to model transport demand and hence income tax in future transports planning. This study also suggests that planning the taxation in highway transport may help to ease funding problem of railway system.     

Experimental studies on low pressure semi-direct fuel injection in a two stroke spark ignition engine

In this work a two-stroke scooter engine was modified to work with semi-direct injection of gasoline at a pressure of 8 bar from an injector in the cylinder barrel pointed toward the cylinder head. The influence of injection timing, injection pressure, spark plug location and air-fuel ratio, on performance, emissions and combustion characteristics has been investigated. In addition, a comparison has been made with manifold injection of gasoline on the same engine at a given speed and various outputs. A significant reduction in HC emissions and fuel consumption with no adverse effects on NOx emissions and combustion stability was observed. A small drop in power and increase in CO emission were observed disadvantages of the new injection system. Injection timing was found to be the most important factor and a balance between reduction in shortcircuited fuel by late injection, and time for mixture preparation by advancing the injection, was found to be essential.     

在用车排放检测试验方法的研究

主对比了现行种在用车尾气排放检测方法的优劣。通过详细介绍美国加速模拟工况法（ASM）的工况点的确定和其检测效果，证明了加速模拟工况法的可行性。在分析了美国加速模拟工况法的基础上，提出了适合我国国情的稳态加载试验法的理论和试验方法，并通过十五工况法工况点的频次统计，初步在理论上对稳态加载试验法进行了论证。     

Z6150ZLCZ-5型船用柴油机排放控制的试验研究

文章以南通淄柴船舶机械公司生产的Z6150ZLCZ-5型柴油机为对象,针对影响柴油机排放的各种因素,通过大量的试验研究,优化匹配了供油提前角、启喷压力。通过分析台架试验结果,总结了各参数对排放的影响,为船用柴油机满足排放标准拓宽思路,为该机型的进一步研发奠定基础。     

排放试验室动力-传动系匹配试验研究

为使某车辆厂开发的车型满足国家最新相关法规要求,在排放试验室通过动力-传动系匹配试验进行选型.介绍了试验方案的设计及试验方法,进行了工况排放测试、动力性测试和经济性测试以及发动机净功率测试,对3款发动机匹配2款不同速比后桥进行试验对比分析,并选择出了满足技术要求的优化配置方案,给出了配置调整建议.     

Effect of a speed reduction of containerships in response to higher energy costs in Sulphur Emission Control Areas

The objective of this paper is to explore the possible consequences of the future low-sulphur fuel requirements in Sulphur Emission Control Areas (SECA) on vessel speed, from the standpoint of the container shipping industry. Rational energy use, speed reduction, and revenues are closely related in the container shipping sector because speed reductions may provide substantial energy and cost savings. The operators could consider reducing their speed in SECA in order to save on fuel that will become relatively expensive. However, to maintain a weekly frequency without adding new ships, such a behaviour implies that the required speed at sea outside the SECA area increases. This paper aims to investigate if such a difference in speed is cost-effective, and if the increase in speed outside SECA may result in an increase in CO₂ emissions of the total cycle. We propose a cost model that estimates the cost-minimising combination of speeds inside and outside SECA, and the resulting CO₂ emissions of the liner service. Applying this model to representative liner services serving North Europe, we find that differentiating speed accordingly slightly decreases total costs and increases CO₂ emissions in a similar way. The results are sensitive to the price of low-sulphur fuels, the part of the cycle in SECA and the number of ships deployed in the service.     

关于我国航运企业航运附属公司注册地税务筹划问题的探讨

税收支出是企业经营活动中的一项重要支出。对我国航运企业进行税务筹划研究,有利于降低我国航运企业税负水平,提高我国航运企业的国际竞争力。     

Airline ambidextrous competition under an emissions trading scheme – A reference-dependent behavioral perspective

This study presents a reference-dependent Hotelling model for analyzing airline competition in pricing and green transportation investment, as well as the resulting financial performance under the European Union emission trading scheme. One feature of the proposed methodology is that it embeds psychological benefits/costs of consumers to characterize consumer attitudes to the increases in airline fare adjustments and improvements in green transportation. This study then investigates the equilibrium solutions for airfare adjustment and green transportation investment margins in different scenarios. The analytical results reveal specific operational conditions under which a cost-efficient airline can gain supreme competitive advantage by increasing both airfare and green transportation investment margins beyond the increases made by competitors under the emission trading scheme, whereas certain specific conditions may favor a cost leadership strategy. Conversely, a cost-inefficient airline can compete with a cost-efficient airline in both market share and profitability using the green transportation investment-differentiation strategy, particularly when consumers perceive the airfare difference as equaling the increased psychological benefit induced by the airline’s green effort.     

The possible designation of the Mediterranean Sea as a SECA: A case study

In view of the ongoing discussions concerning the possible designation of the Mediterranean Sea as a Sulphur Emission Control Area (SECA), a modal split model was applied to a case involving the transportation of consolidated cargoes between Thessaloniki, Greece and industrial hubs of northern Germany. A road-only option was assessed against a combined-transport route involving a ferry (Greece–Italy) and a truck-on-train (Italy–Austria) service. The logit model used considers two variables as determinants of the modal selection: transport cost and time. The data are derived from interviews with a small transport service provider, typical for Greece, and are based on actual trips made (revealed preferences). The results predict that the designation of the Mediterranean as a SECA will cause a modal shift in favour of the road-only route by 5.2%, which under certain assumptions can reach 17.1%. However, the environmental implications of the resulting modal choices, calculated through the EcoTransIT World web based tool, are positive in relation to all emissions examined. This is attributed to the longer distance of the combined-transport option in comparison to the road-only one and, the poor environmental performance of the Ro-Pax vessels basically due to the need to maintain a relatively high speed.