Experimental analysis of exhaust gas after treatment system using water scrubbing in a single cylinder diesel engine for diesel and biofuel blends

A low-cost exhaust gas after treatment system called water-scrubbing is attempted in this paper. An emission treatment setup is fabricated, which is installed in the exhaust of the engine. This takes the exhaust gas and sprays water in the exhaust and passes it through the chamber containing silica gel. An attempt is made to investigate experimentally the performance and emission characteristics of a direct injection (DI) diesel engine, with and without water injection at the exhaust using diesel fuel (DF), diesel-Karanja oil blend (DKB) and diesel-Jatropha oil blend (DJB). The exhaust gas after treatment system helps to reduce NOx, CO and Particulate matter. The performance of the engine has also been monitored to determine whether the engine has any decrease in performance when the setup is used and it is found that there is no change in the engine performance.     

Thermodynamic,environmental and economic effects of diesel and biodiesel fuels on exhaust emissions and nano-particles of a diesel engine

In this study, diesel (JIS#2) and various biodiesel fuels (BDF20, BDF50, BDF100) are used to operate the diesel engine at 100 Nm, 200 Nm and full load; while the engine speed is 1800 rpm. The system is experimentally studied, and the energy, exergy, sustainability, thermoeconomic and exergoeconomic analyses are performed to the system. The Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer is used to measure the size distribution of engine exhaust particle emissions. Also, the data of the exhaust emissions, soot, particle numbers, fuel consumptions, etc. are measured. It is found that (i) most of the exhaust emissions (except NO_x) are directly proportional to the engine load, (ii) maximum CO₂ and NO_x emissions rates are generally determined for the BDF100 biodiesel fuel; while the minimum ones are calculated for the JIS#2 diesel fuel. On the other hand, the maximum CO and HC emissions rates are generally computed for the JIS#2 diesel fuel; while the minimum ones are found for the BDF100 biodiesel fuel, (iii) fuel consumptions from maximum to minimum are BDF100 > BDF50 > BDF20 > JIS#2 at all of the engine loads, (iv) particle concentration of the JIS#2 diesel fuel is higher than the biodiesel fuels, (v) soot concentrations of the JIS#2, BDF20 and BDF50 fuels are directly proportional to the engine load; while the BDF100 is inversely proportional, (vi) system has better energy and exergy efficiency when the engine is operated with the biodiesel fuels (vii) sustainability of the fuels are BDF100 > BDF50 > BDF20 > JIS#2, (viii) thermoeconomic and exergoeconomic parameters rates from maximum to minimum are JIS#2 > BDF20 > BDF50 > BDF100.     

The impact of road grade on carbon dioxide (CO2) emission of a passenger vehicle in real-world driving

To accurately estimate real-world vehicle emission at 1 Hz the road grade for each second of data must be quantified. Failure to incorporate road grade can result in over or underestimation of a vehicle’s power output and hence cause inaccuracy in the instantaneous emission estimate. This study proposes a simple LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) – GIS (Geographic Information System) road grade estimation methodology, using GIS software to interpolate the elevation for each second of data from a Digital Terrain Map (DTM). On-road carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from a passenger car were recorded by Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) over 48 test laps through an urban-traffic network. The test lap was divided into 8 sections for micro-scale analysis. The PHEM instantaneous emission model (Hausberger, 2003) was employed to estimate the total CO₂ emission through each lap and section. The addition of the LiDAR-GIS road grade to the PHEM modelling improved the accuracy of the CO₂ emission predictions. The average PHEM estimate (with road grade) of the PEMS measured section total CO₂ emission (n = 288) was 93%, with 90% of the PHEM estimates between 80% and 110% of the PEMS recorded value. The research suggests that instantaneous emission modelling with LiDAR-GIS calculated road grade is a viable method for generating accurate real-world micro-scale CO₂ emission estimates. The sensitivity of the CO₂ emission predictions to road grade was also tested by lessening and exaggerating the gradient profiles, and demonstrates that assuming a flat profile could cause considerable error in real-world CO₂ emission estimation.     

Stop-and-go traffic analysis: Theoretical properties,environmental impacts and oscillation mitigation

This study aims (i) to analyze theoretical properties of a recently proposed describing-function (DF) based approach (Li and Ouyang, 2011; Li et al., 2012) for traffic oscillation quantification, (ii) to adapt it for estimating fuel consumption and emission from traffic oscillation and (iii) to explore vehicle control strategies of smoothing traffic with advanced technologies. The DF approach was developed to predict traffic oscillation propagation across a platoon of vehicles following each other by a nonlinear car-following law with only the leading vehicle’s input. We first simplify the DF approach and prove a set of properties (e.g., existence and uniqueness of its solution) that assure its prediction is always consistent with observed traffic oscillation patterns. Then we integrate the DF approach with existing estimation models of fuel consumption and emission to analytically predict environmental impacts (i.e., unit-distance fuel consumption and emission) from traffic oscillation. The prediction results by the DF approach are validated with both computer simulation and field measurements. Further, we explore how to utilize advantageous features of emerging sensing, communication and control technologies, such as fast response and information sharing, to smooth traffic oscillation and reduce its environmental impacts. We extend the studied car-following law to incorporate these features and apply the DF approach to demonstrate how these features can help dampen the growth of oscillation and environmental impact measurements. For information sharing, we convert the corresponding extended car-following law into a new fixed point problem and propose a simple bisecting based algorithm to efficiently solve it. Numerical experiments show that these new car-following control strategies can effectively suppress development of oscillation amplitude and consequently mitigate fuel consumption and emission.     

提高双语教学效果的若干思考——以《西方财税理论》双语课程为例

双语教学不仅体现了社会经济发展对高等教育的要求,也是培养高素质人才的必由之路。对本科生开设双语课程教学,不但可以丰富英语教学渠道,培养学生英语读听说能力,还可以培养学生使用英语思考专业知识,巩固提高已有专业知识的目的,这些作用和效果较好的契合了应用型本科院校人才培养的定位和要求。文中以《西方财税理论》双语课程为例,介绍了本门课程进行双语教学的优势。其次,分析了双语课程教学存在的问题。最后,提出了提高双语教学效果的政策建议。     

浅谈欧洲混合动力摩托车的测试要求

欧洲对于交通运输业产生的排放污染物影响非常关注,大多数摩托车生产企业都在开发各种新产品和采用新技术来应对严格的法规要求并减少对环境的污染,其中一项技术就是混合动力技术,该项技术已在乘用车上成熟应用.欧洲最新修订指令2009/108/EC详细规定了针对混合动力摩托车进行排放和噪声测试的特殊要求.     

OBD技术的应用及其发展

OBD技术可有效用于汽车的排放检测,从而起到控制污染和改善环境的作用。文章介绍了OBD系统的工作原理和组成、OBD技术在汽车上的应用以及未来的发展趋势。结果表明：OBD技术在汽车上的应用主要体现在对催化转化器转换效率、发动机是否失火以及氧传感器是否劣化3个方面的监控。未来OBD技术向着通信标准逐渐融合,和信息化及网络化的方向发展。     

标定技术在汽油机排放控制中的应用

减少汽油机的排放污染和研究汽油机排放控制技术,对保护环境具有重要意义。文章简述了汽油机主要排放污染物的生成机理,并根据污染物生成特性,制定出相应标定控制策略。利用增加进气量、减稀空燃比及推迟点火等标定手段,提高冷启动时催化器转化效率,降低了冷启动时的污染物;根据油膜效应优化燃油喷射量,降低了瞬态加减速时的排放污染物。试验证明,标定控制技术与三元催化器有机结合,是当前控制排放污染物和降低催化器成本的最有效手段。     

燃油税改革后普通公路融资对策探讨

结合燃油税改革和取消养路费等六项规费对我国普通公路建设、养护、管理资金来源的影响,总结目前公路项目投融资政策存在的主要问题和面临的形势,对普通公路的发展趋势和可能采取的投融资对策进行了分析。     

CA4GD1型高性能低排放汽油机的开发

进行了CA4GD1型发动机进气系统、燃烧系统、燃油喷射系统、点火系统和电控系统等的设计。在优化进气道形状的基础上,对不同进气管长度和不同压缩比对发动机性能的影响进行了研究。试验结果表明,CA4GD1汽油机升功率为54 kW/L,升转矩为92.6 N.m/L;经济油耗区域出现在中低速、中高负荷区域,且等油耗曲线在横向拉伸较长,可满足发动机负荷变化不大而转速变化较大的需求;排放满足国IV标准,并具有良好的可靠性。