Transitioning to energy efficient vehicles: An analysis of the potential rebound effects and subsequent impact upon emissions

Given the shift toward energy efficient vehicles (EEVs) in recent years, it is important that the effects of this transition are properly examined. This paper investigates some of these effects by analyzing annual kilometers traveled (AKT) of private vehicle owners in Stockholm in 2008. The difference in emissions associated with EEV adoption is estimated, along with the effect of a congestion-pricing exemption for EEVs on vehicle usage. Propensity score matching is used to compare AKT rates of different vehicle owner groups based on the treatments of: EEV ownership and commuting across the cordon, controlling for confounding factors such as demographics. Through this procedure, rebound effects are identified, with some EEV owners found to have driven up to 12.2% further than non-EEV owners. Although some of these differences could be attributed to the congestion-pricing exemption, the results were not statistically significant. Overall, taking into account lifecycle emissions of each fuel type, average EEV emissions were 50.5% less than average non-EEV emissions, with this reduction in emissions offset by 2.0% due to rebound effects. Although it is important for policy-makers to consider the potential for unexpected negative effects in similar transitions, the overall benefit of greatly reduced emissions appears to outweigh any rebound effects present in this case study.     

吸风循环式轨道吸污装置的吸污能力及能耗研究

针对轨道吸污装置吸污能力不足和污染周边环境的问题,提出吸风循环吸污的解决方案,即将吹风机产生的全部风量仅供给一侧吹嘴吹风吸污,将吸风机产生的排风供给另外一侧吹嘴吹风吸污,形成吸风机排风的循环利用,并通过调节风门开启的大小,调节吹风的风量和风速,从而增强轨道吸污装置吹风吸污的效果.基于流体力学,在忽略空气黏性力和密度变化以及不同流速气体混合时能量损失的前提下,对按照解决方案改进得到的吸风循环式轨道吸污装置吸污能力及能耗进行分析计算.结果表明:在作业速度为10 km· h-1时,吸风循环式轨道吸污装置能够吸净单层粒径分别达5 mm的铁屑和14.3 mm的石子；相比改进前的轨道吸污装置,吸收污物的最大粒径提高了7倍左右,污物吸净率高于98％；吸污作业功率节省74 kW,能耗下降2o％.     

地铁车站循环冷却水系统节能节水方案优化研究

根据地铁车站的特点,结合多年的建设及运营经验,对地铁车站循环冷却水系统的特点和需求进行分析,从系统形式、水处理方案和水泵等多方面进行考虑,提出一整套的循环冷却水系统节能节水优化方案,同时结合复八线某站循环冷却水系统改造实例,论证优化方案的节能节水效果。     

减压环在被动柔性防护网中的耗能作用研究

基于落石防护措施受力系统的复杂性及不同系统参数研究的有效性角度考虑,数值方法正成为研究被动柔性防护网动态受力行为的重要手段。为研究被动柔性防护网中的减压环在落石冲击作用下的耗能及缓冲作用,以实际被动柔性防护网为原型,建立含减压环及不含减压环的两种被动柔性防护网有限元模型,基于ANSYS/LSDYNA分析两种防护网在不同冲击能量及冲击位置下的动力响应。研究结果表明:减压环可增强被动柔性防护网的柔性、改善作用部位的性能,同时能显著地提高被动柔性防护网的耗能能力。同时,数值结果的对比分析为下一步试验设计以校正有限元模型和研究实体构件受力特征提供了参考依据。     

Electric vehicles’ energy consumption measurement and estimation

Use of electric vehicles (EVs) has been viewed by many as a way to significantly reduce oil dependence, operate vehicles more efficiently, and reduce carbon emissions. Due to the potential benefits of EVs, the federal and local governments have allocated considerable funding and taken a number of legislative and regulatory steps to promote EV deployment and adoption. With this momentum, it is not difficult to see that in the near future EVs could gain a significant market penetration, particularly in densely populated urban areas with systemic air quality problems. We will soon face one of the biggest challenges: how to improve efficiency for EV transportation system? This research takes the first step in tackling this challenge by addressing a fundamental issue, i.e. how to measure and estimate EVs’ energy consumption. In detail, this paper first presents a system which can collect in-use EV data and vehicle driving data. This system then has been installed in an EV conversion vehicle built in this research as a test vehicle. Approximately 5 months of EV data have been collected and these data have been used to analyze both EV performance and driver behaviors. The analysis shows that the EV is more efficient when driving on in-city routes than driving on freeway routes. Further investigation of this particular EV driver’s route choice behavior indicates that the EV user tries to balance the trade-off between travel time and energy consumption. Although more data are needed in order to generalize this finding, this observation could be important and might bring changes to the traffic assignment for future transportation system with a significant share of EVs. Additionally, this research analyzes the relationships among the EV’s power, the vehicle’s velocity, acceleration, and the roadway grade. Based on the analysis results, this paper further proposes an analytical EV power estimation model. The evaluation results using the test vehicle show that the proposed model can successfully estimate EV’s instantaneous power and trip energy consumption. Future research will focus on applying the proposed EV power estimation model to improve EVs’ energy efficiency.     

无线局域网高效地址自动分配协议

在无线局域网(MANET-Mobile Ad Hoc Networks)中IP地址如何无冲突的分配一直是一个重要的论题。本文将使用聚集自动分配和有效地址选择给出一个高效的分配方案。无线局域网是由一系列平等的主机所构成,我们需要一个IP地址自动分配协议来对这些移动的主机进行控制,而在该协议制定中很好的考虑到这一特性。     

Introducing specific power to bicycles and motorcycles: Application to electric mobility

Electric bicycles and motorcycles have emerged as a possible way of improving the transportation system sustainability. This work’s aim was to quantify the energy consumption, the trip travel and the driving dynamics on specific routes in Lisbon, Portugal. Six electric and conventional bicycles and motorcycles were monitored, and a methodology to quantify the power required in each driving second was developed: Motorcycle and Bicycle Specific Power (MSP and BSP respectively). MSP and BSP allows characterizing energy consumption rates based on on-road data and to define real-world operation patterns (driving power distribution), as well as to benchmark the different propulsion technologies under the same baseline of specific power. For negative MSP and BSP modes, the conventional and the electric motorcycles and bicycles demonstrated a similar pattern. However, their behavior was different for positive modes, since electric technologies allow reaching higher power conditions. The methodology developed estimates accurately the energy consumption (average deviation of −0.19 ± 6.76% for motorcycles and of 1.41 ± 8.91% for bicycles). The MSP and BSP methodologies were tested in 2 Lisbon routes. For the electric motorcycle an increase in trip time (+36%) was observed when compared to the conventional one, while for the electric bicycle a 9.5% decrease was verified when compared to the conventional one. The Tank-to-Wheel (TTW) energy consumption for motorcycles was reduced by 61% when shifting to electric mobility, while a 30% Well-to-Wheel (WTW) reduction is obtained. For the electric bicycles, an additional energy use is quantified due to the battery electricity consumption.     

Energy efficiency,technological change and the dieselization of agriculture in the United States

This study focuses on the increase in the relative importance of diesel fuel consumption on farms in the United States over the 1971–1989 period. Four factors are identified as being central to the observed trend. These include the relative efficiency of diesel powered equipment versus gasoline powered equipment, technological changes that have impacted energy efficiency, the trend towards larger farms, and the enhanced energy conservation by farmers as a result of the adoption of reduced tillage practices.     

AFE变频器抑制谐波与能量再生特性的应用研究

研究了AFE技术的变频器的工作原理其在电机应用场景中节能与抑制谐波的特性。AFE技术的应用,尤其对具有较大转动惯量的电动机系统,不仅提升电机运行性能,降低了电动机运行温度,延长了使用寿命,还能够实现能量回收,省却了制动电阻及其冷却设备,降低设备成本,提高系统可靠性。同时,谐波抑制也使得电网电能质量得到改善,减少对电网中其他用户的影响。     

CO2 emissions in relation to street-network configuration and city size

The street-network efficiency of tens of British cities in relation to transport fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions are analyzed. The results show a strong linear positive correlation between length entropy and average street length, and a negative correlation between entropy and street density. Also, the results suggest that in a large city the street network is used more efficiently than in a small city, as indicated by the sublinear relations between city size (population) and the number of streets, total length of streets, and the area covered by the street network. The sublinear relation means that these parameters grow more slowly than the city size. By contrast, because a larger fraction of the street network is used at close to full capacity during considerable part of the time in a large city than a small one, the fuel consumption and the CO₂ emissions show a linear relation with city size and superlinear relation with total street length. The superlinear relation means that the CO₂ emissions increase faster than the total street length, a measure of the network size. Thus, large cities may be less energy efficient and environmentally friendly than small cities. In every city the street network needs to interconnect all the buildings, which requires a certain minimum size. In a small city, however, the network is used to a low capacity most of the time so that its relations to fuel consumption and the CO₂ emissions are more favorable than those in a large city.