The impact of a congestion pricing exemption on the demand for new energy efficient vehicles in Stockholm

As governments seek to transition to more efficient vehicle fleets, one strategy has been to incentivize ‘green’ vehicle choice by exempting some of these vehicles from road user charges. As an example, to stimulate sales of energy efficient vehicles (EEVs) in Sweden, some of these automobiles were exempted from Stockholm’s congestion tax. In this paper the effect this policy had on the demand for new, privately-owned, exempt EEVs is assessed by first estimating a model of vehicle choice and then by applying this model to simulate vehicle alternative market shares under different policy scenarios. The database used to calibrate the model includes owner-specific demographics merged with vehicle registry data for all new private vehicles registered in Stockholm County during 2008. Characteristics of individuals with a higher propensity to purchase an exempt EEV were identified. The most significant factors included intra-cordon residency (positive), distance from home to the CBD (negative), and commuting across the cordon (positive). By calculating vehicle shares from the vehicle choice model and then comparing these estimates to a simulated scenario where the congestion tax exemption was inactive, the exemption was estimated to have substantially increased the share of newly purchased, private, exempt EEVs in Stockholm by 1.8% (±0.3%; 95% C.I.) to a total share of 18.8%. This amounts to an estimated 10.7% increase in private, exempt EEV purchases during 2008, i.e., 519 privately owned, exempt EEVs.     

轿车柴油化市场前景分析

汽车是能源消耗与环境污染的主要来源之一,而轿车又在汽车市场占据半壁江山,降低轿车能耗非常重要。柴油机较汽油机有着较大的节能环保的优势,在轿车中推行柴油化,必将对节能环保做出重要贡献。与世界发达国家相比,我国的轿车柴油化的水平还很低。虽然轿车柴油化已经具备一些有利的条件,但国内的油品和相关配套法规严重制约了柴油轿车的普及,我国的轿车柴油化还有很长的路要走。整车厂和主机厂应该积极开发轿车柴油化技术,更好地满足轿车柴油化的需求。     

关于电能计量装置的研究

DSP技术的迅速发展,为研制精确的电能计量装置提供了有力的技术支持。本装置就是通过采样电路采集到电网的电压和电流等数据,利用DSP快速处理数据的能力,对电压和电流采样数据进行FFT变换,得到各次谐波电压和电流的值,再根据谐波功率和电能计算方法,计算出电能值。     

增压空气驱动LiBr吸收式制冷复合循环的热力性能分析

提出吸收式制冷复合循环新模式，讨论了复合循环的热力计算。单效／双效复合循环有高低压2个发生器，高压发生器由高温级热源驱动，低压发生器由来自高压发生器的冷剂蒸汽与低温级热源联合驱动，实现高低温级热源的能量梯级利用。作为实例，对由高低温两级增压空气中冷器驱动的单效／双效复合循环进行了热力计算，并与单效循环和双效循环进行了热力性能比较。结果表明，复合循环的热力系数和制冷量均比单效循环高出15％，复合循环的余热利用量和制冷量分别高出双效循环153％和110％。     

Thermal design of automobile exhaust based thermoelectric generators: Objectives and challenges

The potential for thermoelectric power generation (via waste heat recovery onboard automobiles) to displace alternators and/or provide additional charging to a vehicle battery pack has increased with recent advances in thermoelectric material processing. In gasoline fueled vehicles (GFVs), about 40% of fuel energy is wasted in exhaust heat, while a smaller amount of energy (30%) is ejected through the engine coolant. Therefore, exhaust-based thermoelectric generators (ETEG) have been a focus for GFV applications since the late 1980s. The conversion efficiency of modern thermoelectric materials has increased more than three-fold in the last two decades; however, disputes as to the thermal design of ETEG systems has kept their overall efficiency at limited and insufficient values. There are many challenges in the thermal design of ETEG systems, such as increasing the efficiency of the heat exchangers (hot box and cold plate), maintaining a sufficient temperature difference across the thermoelectric modules during different operating conditions, and reducing thermal losses through the system as a whole. This paper focuses on a review of the main aspects of thermal design of ETEG systems through various investigations performed over the past twenty years. This paper is organized as follows: first, the construction of a typical ETEG is described. The heat balance and efficiency of ETEG are then discussed. Then, the third section of this paper emphasizes the main objectives and challenges for designing efficient ETEG systems. Finally, a review of ETEG research activities over the last twenty years is presented to focus on methods used by the research community to address such challenges.     

深圳地铁2号线工程再生制动能量吸收装置设置方案研究

研究目的：选择适合于深圳地铁2号线工程特点的再生制动能量吸收装置设置方案。 研究方法：针对再生制动能量吸收装置的几种设置方案，结合深圳地铁2号线工程实践，从车辆、环控、变电所、土建几个方面，分别对车载设置方案、地下变电所设置方案、地面变电所设置方案进行较为详细的分析比较。 研究结果：根据深圳地铁2号线沿线各车站现状，采用制动电阻地面通风散热的方案不具备工程可实施性，应采用车载制动电阻，并合理解决通风散热问题。 研究结论：指出了能否合理解决制动电阻的通风散热问题是本工程选择再生制动能量吸收装置设置方案的关键。     

高升阻比翼型优化及其节能轴支架设计

用Eppler的叶剖面设计方法与解N-S方程相结合的方法进行水翼剖面的优化，并给出了将其应用到螺旋桨节能轴支架设计中获得的显著节能效果的试验结果，空泡试验结果也证明了这种设计方法是成功的。节能轴支架的设计思想还被推广应用到单桨船上，开发出了扇形预旋导管。     

抓住机遇奋发有为为实现铁路"十一五"规划良好开局而努力奋斗--在2006年全路计划工作会议上的讲话(摘要)

“十五”期间,铁路在路网建设、装备现代化、既有线提速扩能改造、投融资改革、节能、环保等方面均取得了重大成就。本世纪头20年是我国发展的重要战略机遇期,在实现区域经济协调发展、建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会和建立现代化综合交通运输体系中,铁路将充分发挥骨干作用。在“十一五”规划目标下,铁路面临着加快快速客运网络建设、强化煤炭运输通道、扩展西部路网、优化东中部路网等建设任务。2006年是“十一五”开局之年,要抓住机遇,提高计划管理水平,重点完成项目前期工作、落实建设资金、基建任务以及装备现代化等方面的工作,为实现铁路跨越式发展目标做出贡献。     

热动力鱼雷能供系统启动过程仿真研究

以某型热动力鱼雷能供系统为研究对象，对鱼雷舷外海水通过雷体上的背压阀直接进入燃料舱增压挤代燃料的工作过程，能供系统管路充填过程及燃料供应过程进行了分析，建立了供油系统管路数学模型，并进行了数字仿真。仿真结果表明，对现有结构的某型鱼雷能供系统，燃料舱从常压增至当地海不压力需一定时间；在动力装置启动初始阶段，燃料泵前及燃料泵通油口咱有可能产生气穴现象。     

基于粒子群算法的粘性土主动土压力计算方法

假定挡土墙后滑动面为库伦平面滑裂面,基于能量法,推导出了适合与砂性土与粘性土的主动土压力计算公式,然后引入粒子群智能优化算法,对最危险滑动面所对应的破裂角在变量范围内进行全局搜索。运用本文方法分别对墙后填土为为砂性土和粘性土的挡土墙土压力进行计算,发现对于砂性土,优化方法得到的破裂角与理论精确解完全一致;对于粘性土,方法计算结果与实测结果相对误差为5.5%。