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291.
体外预应力简支梁的动力性能分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了解体外预应力索对结构动力性能的影响,针对简支梁的体外预应力的一般形式,文章采用能量法建立了体外预应力简支梁桥的一阶固有振动方程,对采用体外预应力的简支梁桥在预应力索和梁共同作用下的动力性能进行了研究。通过数值算例验证了体外预应力对简支梁桥振动频率和振动模态的影响。分析结果表明体外预应力简支梁的振动特征与梁端受有外力后的振动特征是不同的,体外预应力对改善梁体的动力性能没有显著效果。 相似文献
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293.
Milan Janic 《运输规划与技术》2013,36(5):501-520
Abstract This paper develops a heuristic algorithm for the allocation of airport runway capacity to minimise the cost of arrival and departure aircraft/flight delays. The algorithm is developed as a potential alternative to optimisation models based on linear and integer programming. The algorithm is based on heuristic (‘greedy’) criteria that closely reflect the ‘rules of thumb’ used by air traffic controllers. Using inputs such as arrival and departure demand, airport runway system capacity envelopes and cost of aircraft/flight delays, the main output minimises the cost of arrival and departure delays as well as the corresponding interdependent airport runway system arrival and departure capacity allocation. The algorithm is applied to traffic scenarios at three busy US airports. The results are used to validate the performance of the proposed heuristic algorithm against results from selected benchmarking optimisation models. 相似文献
294.
Given the shift toward energy efficient vehicles (EEVs) in recent years, it is important that the effects of this transition are properly examined. This paper investigates some of these effects by analyzing annual kilometers traveled (AKT) of private vehicle owners in Stockholm in 2008. The difference in emissions associated with EEV adoption is estimated, along with the effect of a congestion-pricing exemption for EEVs on vehicle usage. Propensity score matching is used to compare AKT rates of different vehicle owner groups based on the treatments of: EEV ownership and commuting across the cordon, controlling for confounding factors such as demographics. Through this procedure, rebound effects are identified, with some EEV owners found to have driven up to 12.2% further than non-EEV owners. Although some of these differences could be attributed to the congestion-pricing exemption, the results were not statistically significant. Overall, taking into account lifecycle emissions of each fuel type, average EEV emissions were 50.5% less than average non-EEV emissions, with this reduction in emissions offset by 2.0% due to rebound effects. Although it is important for policy-makers to consider the potential for unexpected negative effects in similar transitions, the overall benefit of greatly reduced emissions appears to outweigh any rebound effects present in this case study. 相似文献
295.
Whilst congestion in automobile traffic increases trip durations, this is often not the case in rail-based public transport where congestion rather leads to in-vehicle crowding, often neglected in empirical studies. Using original survey data from Paris, this article assesses the distribution of comfort costs of congestion in public transport. Estimating willingness to pay for less crowded trips at different levels of in-vehicle passenger density we cannot reject a simple linear relationship between crowding costs and density. We apply our results to the cost-benefit analysis of a recent Parisian public transport project. 相似文献
296.
Electric bicycles and motorcycles have emerged as a possible way of improving the transportation system sustainability. This work’s aim was to quantify the energy consumption, the trip travel and the driving dynamics on specific routes in Lisbon, Portugal. Six electric and conventional bicycles and motorcycles were monitored, and a methodology to quantify the power required in each driving second was developed: Motorcycle and Bicycle Specific Power (MSP and BSP respectively). MSP and BSP allows characterizing energy consumption rates based on on-road data and to define real-world operation patterns (driving power distribution), as well as to benchmark the different propulsion technologies under the same baseline of specific power. For negative MSP and BSP modes, the conventional and the electric motorcycles and bicycles demonstrated a similar pattern. However, their behavior was different for positive modes, since electric technologies allow reaching higher power conditions. The methodology developed estimates accurately the energy consumption (average deviation of −0.19 ± 6.76% for motorcycles and of 1.41 ± 8.91% for bicycles). The MSP and BSP methodologies were tested in 2 Lisbon routes. For the electric motorcycle an increase in trip time (+36%) was observed when compared to the conventional one, while for the electric bicycle a 9.5% decrease was verified when compared to the conventional one. The Tank-to-Wheel (TTW) energy consumption for motorcycles was reduced by 61% when shifting to electric mobility, while a 30% Well-to-Wheel (WTW) reduction is obtained. For the electric bicycles, an additional energy use is quantified due to the battery electricity consumption. 相似文献
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298.
We rely on the economic theory approach to index numbers to improve the existing definitions and decompositions of variations in generalized transport costs (GTCs). As a value index, we decompose GTCs into price and quantity indices associated to economic—market—costs and infrastructure variables—distance and time within a network. The methodology allows the accurate identification of the sources of GTCs decline. We illustrate it for the case of road freight transportation in Spain between 1980 and 2007 and at a highly detailed geographical level. Average GTCs weighted by trade flows have decreased by 16.3%, with infrastructure driving that reduction. We find large territorial disparities in GTCs, but also significant geographical clusters where the market and network indices show spatial association. 相似文献
299.
In order to reduce energy use and cut emissions that contribute to climate change, countries need to radically reinvent their fossil-fuel intensive transportation systems. As a major consumer of energy and contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the U.S. transportation sector faces extraordinary challenges in the twenty-first century. Transportation in the U.S. depends heavily on fossil-fuel dependent cars and planes to the near exclusion of more energy-efficient electric trains. In order to address this concern, some policy makers refer to “technological optimism” which seeks no systemic change but instead focuses on employing technology to reduce the energy demand and environmental impact of the status quo. On the other hand, some researchers suggest a systematic paradigm shift away from cars and planes to intermodal systems that improve the sustainability of the system as a whole. High-speed rail (HSR) is arguably such an investment that can further this shift and help to achieve a more diversified and balanced transportation system. In this respect, by largely examining the role of the U.S. cars and planes “culture” in the economy, this paper elaborates on how building a HSR system may help U.S. advance towards environmental sustainability in transportation, make a break from the status quo, and create a more balanced, multimodal transportation system that will improve the quality and efficiency of travel. 相似文献
300.
高聚物注浆维修高速公路病害技术是公路养护维修技术领域的新成果,体现了非开挖、精细化的理念,具有施工快捷、根治病害等优点,与传统维修方式相比,体现了显著的经济效益和社会效益。以安新高速公路示范工程为例,从直接效益和间接效益两方面对高聚物注浆技术和常规开挖换填两种方案进行了分析评价,结果表明高聚物技术具有明显的经济效益,可节省费用10552．73万元,效益提高56．56％。 相似文献