Energy-aware control for automated container terminals using integrated flow shop scheduling and optimal control

The performance of container terminals needs to be improved to handle the growth of transported containers and maintain port sustainability. This paper provides a methodology for improving the handling capacity of an automated container terminal in an energy-efficient way. The behavior of a container terminal is considered as consisting of a higher level and a lower level represented by discrete-event dynamics and continuous-time dynamics, respectively. These dynamics represent the behavior of a large number of terminal equipment. The dynamics need to be controlled. For controlling the higher level dynamics, a minimal makespan problem is solved. For this, the minimal time required by equipment for performing an operation at the lower level is needed. The minimal time for performing an operation at the lower level is obtained using Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle. The actual operation time allowed by the higher level for processing an operation at the lower level is subsequently determined by a scheduling algorithm at the higher level. Given an actual operation time, the lower level dynamics are controlled using optimal control to achieve minimal energy consumption while respecting the time constraint. Simulation studies illustrate how energy-efficient management of equipment for the minimal makespan could be obtained using the proposed methodology.     

An analysis of trends in passenger and freight transport energy consumption in India

This primary objective of this paper is to examine the causes for the change in energy consumption in the transport sector in India. The pattern of energy consumption and their causes for change are benchmarked against select countries. A mathematical model that decomposes changes in energy consumption to various factors has been used. The changes in the energy consumption are attributed to growth in transport volume, structural change or modal shift, and energy intensity. The analysis is conducted for passenger and freight transport separately. Results indicate that the growth in transport volume has been the main cause for increase in energy consumption for both passenger and freight transport in India despite the decline in energy intensity of various transport modes. Though not surprising for a growing economy like India, this poses a challenge for the future. Currently, India is a low carbon economy.     

基于USB接口的电力机车能耗记录与分析系统

以C8051F单片机作为中央处理器,采集电参数计量模块和TAX2型机车安全综合监测装置的信息,生成并存储电量消耗记录;通过USB盘转储数据到地面进行处理和分析。系统整体设计具有模块化、准确可靠的特点,对电力机车节能降耗措施提供合理的依据。     

Autonomous vehicle perception: The technology of today and tomorrow

Perception system design is a vital step in the development of an autonomous vehicle (AV). With the vast selection of available off-the-shelf schemes and seemingly endless options of sensor systems implemented in research and commercial vehicles, it can be difficult to identify the optimal system for one’s AV application. This article presents a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art AV perception technology available today. It provides up-to-date information about the advantages, disadvantages, limits, and ideal applications of specific AV sensors; the most prevalent sensors in current research and commercial AVs; autonomous features currently on the market; and localization and mapping methods currently implemented in AV research. This information is useful for newcomers to the AV field to gain a greater understanding of the current AV solution landscape and to guide experienced researchers towards research areas requiring further development. Furthermore, this paper highlights future research areas and draws conclusions about the most effective methods for AV perception and its effect on localization and mapping. Topics discussed in the Perception and Automotive Sensors section focus on the sensors themselves, whereas topics discussed in the Localization and Mapping section focus on how the vehicle perceives where it is on the road, providing context for the use of the automotive sensors. By improving on current state-of-the-art perception systems, AVs will become more robust, reliable, safe, and accessible, ultimately providing greater efficiency, mobility, and safety benefits to the public.     

汽车馈能式电动主动悬架控制器设计与试验研究

针对直流无刷电机结合滚珠丝杠结构作为电机作动器的汽车馈能式主动悬架,设计了其电机作动器的电子控制系统。该控制系统的硬件部分由DSP控制器、驱动及功率模块和DC-DC电源供应模块3个模块构成;软件部分采用了基于μC/OS-Ⅱ实时多任务操作系统的控制算法。分别对所研制的电动主动悬架与原配液压被动悬架进行整车试验,研究了电动主动悬架的随动特性及馈能可行性。     

汽车碰撞台车模拟试验吸能器的研究

介绍一种钢筋阻尼吸能器,经过理论计算,该吸能装置可通过调节钢筋的种类、数量、长度和放置方式,复现不同车型、不同碰撞车速条件下的车身减速度波形,可广泛用于汽车安全部件的开发及试验验证。     

电动汽车能量回馈的整车控制

以4种典型循环工况为例对电动汽车进行能量分析，设计了基于常规汽车制动系统的整车能量回馈控制方式，研究了控制策略，完成了车辆道路试验与标定优化。试验表明，整车能量回馈控制方式与控制策略安全、可靠，且柔顺性良好；利用能量回馈技术，蓄电池能量消耗可减少10％，能有效延长电动汽车的一次充电续驶里程。     

随机交通分配中有效路径的定向树搜索算法

交通路网中有效路径的确定方法是进行各类随机交通流量分配的关键技术.文章将交通路网中节点位置的确定性与交通出行中路径选取的有向性相结合,模拟树的生长,提出了一种有效路径的定向树搜索算法.通过将该方法应用于随机用户均衡分配模型,说明了该方法的有效性.     

驾驶循环对车辆能量经济性影响的研究

本文依据国内外具有代表性的不同驾驶循环对一实际的内燃机汽车和一构思的混合动力电动汽车的能量经济性进行了分析。研究了内燃机和电机的运行工况分布，并利用内燃机的万有特性图和电机及其控制系统的等效率曲线以及各驾驶循环的相关特性分析了产不同结果的原因。最后对内燃机汽车和混合动力电动汽车的能量经济性受驾驶循环的影响情况进行了比较和分析。     

中国智能网联汽车测试示范区发展调查研究

围绕测试场地建设、基础设施、测试能力、服务配套等方面,综合分析国内测试示范区发展现状及水平,归纳其面临的突出和共性问题。在此基础上,提出了加强测试示范区统筹协调、加快标准制定、推进测试结果互认和数据共享、建立交流沟通机制等措施和建议。