Marginal costs of freeway traffic congestion with on-road pollution exposure externality

The health cost of on-road air pollution exposure is a component of traffic marginal costs that has not previously been assessed. The main objective of this paper is to introduce on-road pollution exposure as an externality of traffic, particularly important during traffic congestion when on-road pollution exposure is highest. Marginal private and external cost equations are developed that include on-road pollution exposure in addition to time, fuel, and pollution emissions components. The marginal external cost of on-road exposure includes terms for the marginal vehicle’s emissions, the increased emissions from all vehicles caused by additional congestion from the marginal vehicle, and the additional exposure duration for all travelers caused by additional congestion from the marginal vehicle. A sensitivity analysis shows that on-road pollution exposure can be a large portion (18%) of marginal social costs of traffic flow near freeway capacity, ranging from 4% to 38% with different exposure parameters. In an optimal pricing scenario, excluding the on-road exposure externality can lead to 6% residual welfare loss because of sub-optimal tolls. While regional pollution generates greater costs in uncongested conditions, on-road exposure comes to dominate health costs on congested freeways because of increased duration and intensity of exposure. The estimated marginal cost and benefit curves indicate a theoretical preference for price controls to address the externality problem. The inclusion of on-road exposure costs reduces the magnitudes of projects required to cover implementation costs for intelligent transportation system (ITS) improvements; the net benefits of road-pricing ITS systems are increased more than the net benefits of ITS traffic flow improvements. When considering distinct vehicle classes, inclusion of on-road exposure costs greatly increases heavy-duty vehicle marginal costs because of their higher emissions rates and greater roadway capacity utilization. Lastly, there are large uncertainties associated with the parameters utilized in the estimation of health outcomes that are a function of travel pollution intensity and duration. More research is needed to develop on-road exposure modeling tools that link repeated short-duration exposure and health outcomes.     

混凝土箱梁桥底板线型对纵向裂缝的影响分析

对混凝土箱梁桥在合龙束作用下可能产生的底板纵向开裂现象进行了分析,从理论层面阐述了这种现象的力学机理。同时以1座预应力混凝土连续梁桥和1座预应力混凝土连续刚构桥为例,通过改变其底板线形,分析不同底板线形的底板受力情况,提出了避免跨中箱梁底板纵向开裂的建议,为类似桥梁设计提供参考。     

离岸式波浪能发电装置锚泊系统研究进展

基于国内外关于波浪能发电装置的锚泊系统研究现状,介绍了锚泊系统的组成,结构形式的分类以及相关的研究方法,并分析各自的优缺点,综合国内外关于波浪能发电装置的锚泊系统的实例,丰富了锚泊系统的设计基础知识,有利于掌握国内外关于波浪能发电装置的锚泊系统方面的最新研究动态,形成科学的系统的设计方案。     

基于统计能量法的船舶板架结构简化建模方法研究

统计能量法是解决复杂结构高频动力学问题的主要方法之一,限于其分析特性,过于细致化的建模会引发其计算量大、计算精度低等问题。针对典型的船体板架结构,提出基于统计能量法的船体板架结构简化建模方法,并结合数值计算加以验证。根据实际需求,提出简化建模的等效原则,给出多平板的简化建模方法;通过研究给出周期加筋板的简化建模方法;提出一种双层底结构的简化建模方法,并进行误差分析。     

接触面单元对单桩位移应力的影响分析

在用有限元法分析桩土相互作用的研究中,采用不同的接触面单元得到的结果必然不同。通过分别引入Goodman单元和Desai单元进行单桩有限元分析,研究接触面单元对桩土接触面力学特性及单桩位移应力的影响。分析认为:在桩顶荷载较小时两者的桩土接触面力学特性以及单桩的位移应力差别很小;桩顶荷载较大时,采用Goodman单元计算所得的桩顶沉降小,接触面剪应力大,轴力沿桩身递减快,桩端阻力和沉降都较小,单桩的竖向抗压极限承载力较大。     

探地雷达在隧道岩溶探测中的应用

某在建隧道地质情况复杂,开挖过程中,隧道底部出现溶洞,地下水发育,已完成的仰拱段可能存在岩溶分布。通过探地雷达的探测,分析该隧道段的典型波形图,确定出了该段隧道底部岩溶的分布情况,并通过钻探资料验证,两者基本一致,为隧道安全施工提供了保障。     

水下非接触爆炸载荷下双层底结构单元抗冲击性能研究

舰船结构水下非接触爆炸的动态响应研究是舰船生命力评估的基础。基于普通双底结构,设计了3种新式的X型、Y型双底单元和Ⅰ型双层底结构单元,分析了4种结构在200 kg TNT炸药不同爆距冲击波载荷作用下的损伤变形特征,运动响应以及结构的吸能特性。结果表明,X型、Y型单元吸收较少能量,尤其内底板吸收能量少,应变、冲击速度和加速度响应值也小,内底板更安全。Ⅰ型单元外底板的变形和应变小,其安全半径约为15 m,其余3种单元安全半径都约为20 m。4种结构临界半径都小于10 m。     

散货船底边舱下折角疲劳细节分析研究

本文基于HCSR规范中的疲劳强度计算评估方法,通过NK PrimeShip-HULL 4.3.0有限元分析软件建立某61000t散货船的三舱段有限元模型并细化其底边舱下折角,对散货船2,3舱底边舱下折角疲劳进行分析计算,对比分析CH2疲劳寿命相比较CH3更严厉的原因所在。对于散货船底边舱下折角设计及其疲劳强度校核有一定的参考作用。     

预应力混凝土箱梁桥底板裂缝成因分析

根据预应力混凝土连续箱梁桥的设计与施工特点,分别从底板预应力束线形、底板预应力束布置位置、温度应力的影响、钢筋的疏密程度以及混凝土的浇注质量与顺序等方面分析了该类桥型底板容易崩裂的原因,并提出了相关的防裂措施。     

气泡高速艇波浪中阻力及纵向运动模型试验研究

在高速拖曳水池里,开展了气泡高速艇规则波中阻力及纵向运动模型试验,研究了气流量、艇型、艇底开槽等因素对气层减阻率及艇体纵向运动性能的影响。结果表明:艇底形式对波浪中的气层减阻率有重要影响。艇底设置断阶时,在短波中减阻率为5%,长波中的减阻率达20.5%;艇底开槽时,在试验波长范围内,减阻率可达30%左右;对本身具有良好喷溅抑制作用的艇型,艇底直接喷气减阻率为8%,且不受波长变化的影响。艇底气层对纵向运动性能影响较小,长波中还略有改善;艇底槽深主要影响不喷气时的阻力,对饱和喷气下的阻力影响甚微。