燃料电池电动车车载甲醇重整器

对目前世界几大汽车公司研制开发的燃料电池电动汽车车载甲醇重整器加以介绍，着重讨论了重整器的设计与重整催化剂的布置。指出，甲醇重整器的效果良好，但重整器出口富氢重整气中CO的含量仍然很高，而较高浓度的CO会使燃料电池电极中毒。因此，从重整器中产生出来的重整气在进入燃料电池以前要进行净化。     

军用半挂汽车列车的现状和发展趋势

介绍了国内外军用半挂汽车列车的发展现状,根据军用半挂汽车列车的运载对象和使用环境,分析了其性能特点、关键技术和发展趋势.     

运用经济杠杆长效治理超载超限运输

分析了经济利益贯穿的货主—运输业户—车辆生产、改装厂家的超载超限运输链条的成因、现状和危害;提出了要从以核定载质量为依据转而以货车实际总重和轴载限额为依据对货车实施计重收费的思路,通过区别对待,体现公平,分步推进,累积治理,实现运用经济杠杆,达到长效治理超载超限运输的目的;阐述了江苏、河南、青海等省份实行计重收费所产生的积极效果以及他们推广的安排;提出在计重收费方法以及低速动态轴载称重设备精度、可靠度和价格方面还需要进一步探讨。     

公路交通经济增长中的制度因素分析

在总结传统的经济增长理论(资本决定论、技术进步论、人力资本论、专业化的人力资本和特殊知识积累论)的基础上,采用新制度经济学的分析方法,对建国以来中国公路交通的制度变迁和经济绩效及其相互关系进行了实证分析,指出了制度在公路交通发展中的极端重要性;提出了"生产要素的制度性边界"这一概念,指出制度边界具有随经济、技术等因素变化而不断变化的特性,在此基础上建立了新的经济增长分析框架和模型;为打破制度的"低度均衡",扩展生产要素的制度边界,最后提出了关于加快制度创新的建议。     

收费公路计重定价理论模型

为了遏制超限运输,解决公路通行费征收中的不公平问题,必须改变目前按车型收费的计费模式,实施计重收费。建立计重收费的定价理论模型是推动这种收费方式健康发展的关键。在提出计重收费定义和类型的基础上,根据公路的准公共产品特性,分析了各种价格结构管制定价模式的特点,提出公路收费宜采用非线性的"两部定价"理论模型。结合收费公路费用分摊的具体方法,给出了收费公路计重定价理论模型,并对相关参数进行了标定。该模型已在江苏省和青海省计重收费标准制定中使用。     

多点电喷天然气发动机燃料喷射过程研究

数值模拟了从电喷天然气发动机喷射阀喷出的非稳态喷流的发展过程，并由纹影实验验证了解析方法的可行性。采用数值模拟的方法考察了天然气喷流贯穿距离与喷射压力和喷孔数的关系；以及喷射阀质量流量与喷射压力和环境压力的关系；为精确地控制天然气燃料喷射量提供了理论依据。最后数值模拟了进气歧管内天然气喷流的发展过程，探明了天然气喷射对发动机工作过程可能造成的影响。     

Performance Evaluation of Hybrid-Drive Buses and Potential Fuel Savings in Brazilian Urban Transit

Transporting more than 55 million passengers per day, buses are the main transit mode in Brazil. Most of these vehicles use diesel oil and this situation causes dependence on oil, extensive greenhouse gas emissions and increasing air pollution in urban areas. In order to improve this situation the options for Brazilian cities include the use of alternative fuels and new propulsion technologies, such as hybrid vehicles. This article proposes a procedure for evaluating the performance of a recently developed Brazilian hybrid-drive technology. A simple procedure is presented to compare hybrid-drive buses with conventional diesel buses in urban operation focusing on fuel economy and the potential for reducing diesel oil consumption through the use of hybrid-drive buses. Field tests carried out by the authors indicate that fuel consumption improvement through the use of hybrid-drive buses would certainly exceed 20%, resulting in lower fuel costs and reduced carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions.     

治理公路超载超限运输的长效机制和对策研究

为建立治理超载超限运输的长效机制,首先建立了运输企业收入的计量模型,分析了企业利润与运输价格、运输成本、超载罚款等变量之间的互动关系及企业获得最大利润的条件。在此基础上,针对中国道路货运市场结构的特点,从理性经济人的角度,对运输企业在“惩罚博弈”下可能的行为选择进行了研究;其次结合美国治理超载超限运输的经验,分析了不同执法强度和执法密度组合的执法策略及其适用条件、执法效果等,对中国治理超载超限运输提出了解决方案和具体的政策建议,对中国治理超载超限运输具有指导意义。     

Experimental evaluation of Heavy Duty Vehicle speed patterns in urban and port areas and estimation of their fuel consumption and exhaust emissions

Exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of Heavy Duty Vehicles (HDVs) in urban and port areas were evaluated through a dedicated investigation. The HDV fleet composition and traffic driving from highways to the maritime port of Genoa and crossing the city were analysed. Typical urban trips linking highway exits to port gates and HDV mission profiles within the port area were defined. A validation was performed through on-board instrumentation to record HDV instantaneous speeds in urban and port zones. A statistical procedure enabled the building-up of representative speed patterns. High contrasts and specific driving conditions were observed in the port area. Representative speed profiles were then used to simulate fuel consumption and emissions for HDVs, using the Passenger car and Heavy duty Emission Model (PHEM). Complementary estimations were derived from Copert and HBEFA methodologies, allowing the comparison of different calculation approaches and scales. Finally, PHEM was implemented to assess the performances of EGR or SCR systems for NO_X reduction in urban driving and at very low speeds.The method and results of the investigation are presented. Fuel consumption and pollutant emission estimation through different methodologies are discussed, as well as the necessity of characterizing very local driving conditions for appropriate assessment.     

Changes in fuel economy: An analysis of the Spanish car market

This paper estimates the role that technological change and car characteristics have played in the rate of fuel consumption of vehicles over time. Using data from the Spanish car market from 1988 to 2013, we estimate a reduced form equation that relates fuel consumption with a set of car characteristics. The results for the sales-weighted sample of vehicles show that energy efficiency would have improved by 30% and 42% for petrol and diesel cars respectively had car characteristics been held constant at 1988 values. However, the shift to bigger and more fuel-consuming cars reduced the gains from technological progress. Additionally, using the results of the fuel equation we show that, besides a natural growth rate of 1.1%, technological progress is affected by both the international price of oil and the adoption of mandatory emission standards. Moreover, according to our estimations, a 1% growth in GDP would modify car characteristics in such a way that fuel consumption would increase by around 0.23% for petrol cars and 0.35% for diesel cars.