业主项目工程造价控制

随着我国国民经济的飞速发展,贷款修路,收费还贷的工程项目逐渐增多,工程造价的多少直接关系到还贷年限的长短,这一问题已经越来越显出其重要性。如何采取主动控制的手段合理确定和有效控制工程造价已成为工程管理的首要问题。文中从项目前期、招标阶段、施工阶段等过程对工程造价控制进行了论述。     

Review of the uncertainties associated to hull girder hydroelastic response and wave load predictions

This paper reviews the importance of uncertainties in hull girder loads influenced by flexible fluid structure interactions. The focus is on developments in the field of hydroelastic modelling, simulation and model tests of practical relevance to the prediction hull girder wave load predictions and their validation. It is concluded that whereas hydroelastic methods for use in design development and assessment become increasingly useful, challenges in realizing and modelling uncertainties can be attributed to: (1) the limitations of numerical methods to suitably model nonlinearities; (2) the ambiguity of model tests; and (3) the systematic use of data emerging from computational, model- or full-scale methods. An approach is recommended to assess the uncertainty in the hydroelastic responses to wave loading and an example is provided to demonstrate the application of the procedure.