Electric vehicles and residential parking in an urban environment: Results from a stated preference experiment

This paper presents the results of a preference survey of 1545 respondents’ willingness to purchase electric vehicles (EVs) in Philadelphia. We pay particular attention to respondents’ willingness to pay for convenient charging systems and parking spaces. If the value of dedicated parking substantially outweighs the value of convenient charging systems, residential-based on-street charging systems are unlikely to ever be politically palatable. As expected, respondents are generally willing to pay for longer range, shorter charging times, lower operating costs, and shorter parking search times. For a typical respondent, a $100 per month parking charge decreases the odds of purchasing an EV by around 65%. Across mixed logit and latent class models, we find substantial variation in the willingness to pay for EV range, charge time, and ease of parking. Of note, we find two primary classes of respondents with substantially different EV preferences. The first class tends to live in multifamily housing units in central parts of the city and puts a high value on parking search time and the availability of on-street charging stations. The second class, whose members are likelier to be married, wealthy, conservative, and residing in single-family homes in more distant neighborhoods, are willing to pay more for EV range and charge time, but less for parking than the first group. They are also much likelier to consider purchasing EVs at all. We recommend that future research into EV adoption incorporate neighborhood-level features, like parking availability and average trip distances, which vary by neighborhood and almost certainly influence EV adoption.     

圆形隧道施工对不同深度地层沉降影响的模型试验研究

为了预测圆形隧道施工引起地表以下不同埋深地层沉降特征,首先,通过理论推导不同地层最大沉降位移与沉降槽宽度系数的函数关系;然后,建立包括试验台架、地层模型、圆形隧道开挖模型以及测量地层变形装置的平面应变模型试验系统。通过理论解析和模型试验可知:1)地表以下地层的最大沉降位移与沉降槽宽度系数成反比;2)不同深度地层的沉降位移随着地层埋深的增加而增大,且地表以下地层沉降槽曲线仍然符合正态分布;3)通过对模型试验数据进行回归分析,得到黏土地表以下不同深度地层沉降槽宽度系数的计算公式,从而为预测圆形隧道施工地表以下不同深度地层竖向位移提供了一种可靠的计算方法。     

城市地下道路分(合)流匝道通风阻力特性

为分析多点进出结构的城市地下道路空气流动特性,以长沙市营盘路湘江隧道为原型,通过现场实测、缩尺模型试验以及CFD软件数值模拟方法,对分(合)匝道通风阻力特性进行了研究,考察了雷诺数、风量比、分岔角度对分(合)流匝道阻力特性的影响规律。研究结果表明:1)主隧道与匝道风量比、主隧道与匝道夹角是影响分(合)流匝道局部阻力系数的关键因素;2)城市地下道路分(合)流匝道局部阻力变化特性,不宜简单套用通风管道的三通构件的参数;3)结合最小二乘法和Matlab软件对计算结果进行多因素回归分析,给出了基于长沙营盘路湘江隧道的分(合)流匝道主隧道和匝道的局部阻力系数关联式。研究结果可为复杂结构城市地下道路通风系统阻力特性分析及通风工程优化设计提供方法参考。     

油底壳有限元模态分析及实验验证

以EQ491型发动机油底壳为研究对象,通过有限元法得到了油底壳模型的固有频率和振型,运用模态实验技术,验证了有限元模型的合理性。在原始有限元模型的基础上,对油底壳模型进行约束模态分析,验证了油底壳结构的合理性,即油底壳固有频率远大于发动机机体激振频率。     

喷嘴内燃油空化及影响因素的实验研究

柴油机燃油喷射雾化过程除受湍流和环境气体的空气动力学效应影响外,还与喷孔内空化有关,因此对喷孔内燃油空化和影响因素的研究有重要的意义。本文中设计了透明喷孔代替原柴油机喷油器的喷孔,采用高速数码相机和高放大倍数、高分辩率的长距离显微成像技术和纳秒级闪光灯作为相机曝光光源,获得了较高分辩率和清晰度的实验图像。对柴油机喷孔内燃油空化产生、发展和分布状态进行显微观测,直观展现喷孔内燃油空化及影响规律,获得了燃油空化过程的直观认识。结果表明,柴油机喷孔内空化流动情况比较复杂,影响因素较多,其中喷孔几何结构对喷嘴内空化过程影响最显著,喷孔内空化首先出现在压力室针阀附近,随后空化区域向喷孔出口处扩散、延伸,对于渐缩喷孔,空化形成受到抑制,而渐扩喷孔则有利于空化形成;减小喷孔直径,不利于空化形成。环境压力对空化起到抑制的作用,环境压力增大,也不利于空化形成。此外还对喷孔内空化强度进行量化描述,通过空化强度对实验获得的图像进行量化分析。     

绿泥石片岩地层大跨度公路隧道大变形控制及合理支护形式现场试验

为了探索绿泥石片岩地层大跨度公路隧道大变形控制技术及合理支护形式,以陕西省宝(鸡)汉(中)高速公路连城山隧道工程为依托,针对采用单层I22b、双层I22b和双层HK200b钢架的3种初期支护形式,通过对围岩变形和支护结构受力进行现场量测,对比分析了不同初期支护形式的变形控制效果,提出了大跨度公路隧道软岩大变形控制方法和支护体系。研究结果表明:“大预留+双层HK200b钢架分次强支护+大管径长锁脚锚管+深仰拱”联合支护体系能有效控制隧道大变形灾害,避免初期支护变形侵限及频繁拆换拱;该支护体系中第1层初期支护钢架的刚度不宜太弱,以避免因其刚度不足导致的局部失稳和局部拆换问题;试验断面第2层初期支护的接触压力约占第1层初期支护围岩压力的61%,二次衬砌接触压力约占第1层初期支护围岩压力的40%;调整仰拱曲率对于优化结构受力和防治仰拱底鼓作用显著;基于对连城山隧道试验断面围岩压力和径向位移的统计分析,建立了不同支护阶段和不同刚度下的围岩-支护特征曲线,揭示了围岩与支护的相互动态作用机制和“多层分次强支护”大变形控制方法的支护作用机制;结合连城山隧道大变形处置实践,总结提出了“三台阶留核心土法+大预留、多层、分次支护+大管径长锁脚锚管+深仰拱”的大变形控制技术、“不侵限、不换拱、不破坏压密区”的大变形防控理念及“大断面、少分步、快挖快支”的施工原则。研究成果可为类似软岩隧道大变形控制提供重要借鉴。     

就地热再生沥青混合料均匀性的细观评价指标

就地热再生能直接在现场一次性完成路面修复,但因其材料组成和施工工艺复杂等极易出现混合料不均匀问题,为解决此问题,尝试从集料入手,对就地热再生沥青混合料均匀性的评价指标进行研究。首先,采用数码相机获取就地热再生沥青混合料试件截面的数字图像,基于数字图像处理技术识别截面中所有新旧集料的细观结构;然后,采用环扇分割法将截面分成36个等面积区域,基于区域集料颗粒面积比和新集料颗粒偏离度分别提出集料均匀性评价指标D和新集料均匀性评价指标H;最后,通过改变RAP加热温度、RAP拌和时间、新沥青混合料拌和温度与新旧料混合时间4个因素,进行正交试验,进一步分析均匀性指标的变化规律和可靠性。结果表明：环形分区结合OTSU阈值分割方法可准确识别沥青混合料截面图像中的集料信息,保留绿色通道的方法可有效识别不同灰度值的新旧集料;对试件截面均匀性的定性分析初步验证了这2个均匀性指标的有效性;RAP加热温度与新沥青混合料拌和温度对D影响显著,RAP加热温度和新旧料混合时间对H影响显著;而且,随着RAP加热温度、新沥青混合料温度和新旧料混合时间的增加,就地热再生混合料的均匀性变好,这与以往的研究结论相一致,进一步验证了这2个均匀性评价指标的可靠性。     

路面沥青复合料基于孔隙水压力损坏的实验分析探究

集料-沥青界面强度实验,集料-沥青界面黏合机能影响要素分析,孔隙水压对沥青复合料的损坏原理。本研究经过界面拉拔实验,分析沥青老化、温度和水分等要素对集料-沥青界面黏合机能的影响,探讨车辆载荷作用下孔水压对集料-沥青黏合机能的影响及损坏原理,以为同类沥青复合料路面工程应用提供研究和技术参考。     

Consumer preferences for battery electric vehicles: A choice experimental survey in China

To accelerate the diffusion of battery electric vehicles (BEVs), consumer preferences for different products and policy attributes must be determined. Although previous studies have investigated consumer preferences for some product attributes, including purchase price, operation cost, driving range, and charging time, limited studies have discussed the broader aspects of product attributes, such as battery warranty and depreciation rate. Moreover, market-oriented incentives, including the personal carbon trading (PCT) scheme and the tradable driving credits (TDC) scheme, can theoretically be effective alternatives to expensive purchase subsidies. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence that confirms the influence of these two schemes on BEV adoption. To fill these gaps, we conducted a stated preference choice experimental survey in China and investigated the effect of product attributes, existing policy incentives, and two emerging market-oriented incentives on BEV adoption. Our results reveal that along with the main product attributes, battery warranty has a significant positive effect on inducing mainstream consumers to adopt BEVs while no preference difference occurs among existing policy incentives after purchase subsidies are abolished. For young consumers, almost all incentives that reduce the operation cost (e.g., PCT) or increase convenience (e.g., TDC) can increase their adoption of BEVs. These findings can provide important implications for the government with regard to designing novel incentives and promoting BEV adoption.     

Experimental study on the width of the turbulent area around bridge pier

At present, the method of calculating the turbulent flow width around the bridge pier is not given in the "Standard for Inland River Navigation" (GB50139-2004) in China, and the bridge designer usually increases the bridge span in order to ensure the navigation safety, which increases both of the structural design difficulty and the project investments. Therefore, it is extremely essential to give a research on the turbulent flow width around the bridge pier. Through the experiments of the fixed bed and the mobile bed, the factors influencing the turbulent flow width around the bridge pier have been analyzed, such as the approaching flow speed, the water depth, the angles between the bridge pier and the flow direction, the sizes of bridge pier, the shapes of the bridge pier, and the scouring around the bridge pier, etc. Through applying the dimension analytic method to the measured data, the formula of calculating the turbulent flow width around the bridge pier is then inferred.