组团式大城市客运综合换乘枢纽布局规划方法

为了使客运综合换乘枢纽布局适应中国大城市用地布局特征,分析了枢纽布局与城市土地利用、客运需求走廊分布和交通网络的关系,提出了宏观布局、微观选址的枢纽布局规划方法。宏观布局以公交导线土地开发为理念,确定枢纽的选址区域;微观选址以提高居民出行效率为目标,以用地性质、平均容积率及与客运需求走廊的距离为约束,建立非线性选址规划模型,确定枢纽的最佳位置。应用结果表明:应用该方法确定的枢纽选址区域与多中心组团式城市用地布局规划相一致,枢纽选址确定的最佳位置,其500m半径范围内覆盖的人口和就业岗位最高,而且能有效地反映枢纽布局与城市土地利用的互动性。     

应急设施鲁棒优化选址模型及算法

为解决不确定情况下应急设施选址问题,采用鲁棒优化方法处理应急节点权重的区间估计,基于最优的设施选址到各个应急节点的赋权距离之和最小,建立有限期要求的不确定性应急设施选址模型,并给出了模型的求解算法,比较分析了鲁棒解与确定情况下的最优解。分析结果表明:当情况发生变化后,在确定情况下得到的最优解将发生较大的偏差,而在所有可能发生的情况下,鲁棒解与最优解目标函数值的最大偏差最小,因此,不确定性应急设施选址模型的解可以有效规避风险。     

交通分配的粒子群优化算法

为了方便合理地分配交通量,提出了交通量多路径分配的粒子群优化算法。算法的求解方法是在粒子群算法中构造了路径条数维的粒子空间,每维对应一条可行性路线,其值为对应路径所分配的交通量;对粒子进行归一化处理,使交通量守恒,并进行交通量的多路径分配;根据目标函数评价与筛选粒子,直到满足终止条件。实例计算结果表明:利用粒子群算法得到的目标函数值最小,各路段分配的交通量没有超容量现象,模型求解过程具有方向性,对交通分配的网络规模无限制,因此,粒子群优化算法可行、合理。     

Developing a Spatially Enabled Inventory of Recreational Boats Using Vessel Registration Data

Effective waterway management requires information on the characteristics and locations of boats. A field-based boat census—a traditional method to obtain spatially accurate information—is relatively expensive, time-consuming, and restrictive in scope. Vessel registration data, maintained by all U.S. states, is potentially a more robust information source. This research evaluated the accuracy and reliability of vessel registration data to supply location and attribute information for boats. The study premise was to use vessel registration data, which includes the mailing address of registered boat owners, to develop a spatially enabled inventory of boats. The study area comprised 12,064 salt-water accessible property parcels in two Florida counties. An on-water census (OWC) provided location and characteristics for 5,023 vessels, which were compared to 8,681 vessel registration records linked to the study area. Discrepancies between the OWC and vessel registration data were explained by a stratified, random sample of 485 telephone survey respondents. Study results show that vessel registration data accurately located and characterized roughly 81% of the boat population; in contrast, the OWC accurately located less than 56%. A conclusion is that state vessel registration data is a better alternative than an OWC for locating and characterizing boats kept along waterways.     

TRIP DISTRIBUTION MODELLING USING FUZZY LOGIC AND A GENETIC ALGORITHM

This article examines possibilities for the application of soft computing techniques for the prediction of travel demand. The model, based on fuzzy logic and a genetic algorithm, successfully solves the trip distribution problem. The possibilities of using the proposed model in solving trip generation, modal split and route choice problems have also been indicated. The model has been tested on a real numerical example. Exceptionally good correspondences between estimated and real values of passenger flows have been obtained.     

A hybrid optimization-simulation approach for robust weekly aircraft routing and retiming

We address the robust weekly aircraft routing and retiming problem, which requires determining weekly schedules for a heterogeneous fleet that maximizes the aircraft on-time performance, minimizes the total delay, and minimizes the number of delayed passengers. The fleet is required to serve a set of flights having known departure time windows while satisfying maintenance constraints. All flights are subject to random delays that may propagate through the network. We propose to solve this problem using a hybrid optimization-simulation approach based on a novel mixed-integer nonlinear programming model for the robust weekly aircraft maintenance routing problem. For this model, we provide an equivalent mixed-integer linear programming formulation that can be solved using a commercial solver. Furthermore, we describe a Monte-Carlo-based procedure for sequentially adjusting the flight departure times. We perform an extensive computational study using instances obtained from a major international airline, having up to 3387 flights and 164 aircraft, which demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed approach. Using the simulation software SimAir to assess the robustness of the solutions produced by our approach in comparison with that for the original solutions implemented by the airline, we found that on-time performance was improved by 9.8–16.0%, cumulative delay was reduced by 25.4–33.1%, and the number of delayed passengers was reduced by 8.2–51.6%.     

试论大学英语课堂活动的有效策划

随着教学改革的不断深入,英语教师越来越重视活动在课堂中的运用。本文首先分析了大学英语课堂活动中存在的问题,再从五个方面提出了策划课堂活动时提高活动有效性的原则及改进方法,这五个方面分别是:明确活动的目标性、加强活动实用性、确保活动的可行性、把握活动的可控性、提高活动的参与性。     

Support for Oregon land‐use planning: A multi‐level analysis

Abstract

This article analyzes support for and opposition to state land‐use planning in Oregon, using voting records from the 1976 referendum to repeal Oregon's regulatory legislation and survey data. Support for controlled growth legislation is found to be a product of both individual‐level characteristics and characteristics of the larger community where one resides. The most influential contextual variables are the county's economy and the class composition of the city. The authors conclude that coastal zone managers must exercise caution when interpreting individual survey data which indicate support for various environmental concerns. Contextual differences must be taken into consideration because sources of support for coastal zone management may vary among individuals, depending on the nature of the communities in which they live.     

舰船物资转运方案计算机辅助决策算法研究

瞬息万变的现代战场对大中型水面战斗舰船甲板物资转运的效率提出越来越高的要求。引入计算机辅助决策技术,在考虑多种牵制因素的情况下,快速获得最优的物资转运方案。详细分析和阐述舰船物资转运线路规划、时间计算、作业排序以及资源配班等4个主要问题的计算机解决方法,为利用计算机辅助制定最优物资转运方案提供可行途径。     

Estimating economic and resilience consequences of potential navigation infrastructure failures: A case study of the Monongahela River

The paper examines the potential effects of failure of heavily used, outdated locks and dams on the Monongahela River in southwestern Pennsylvania. Catastrophic failure would result in lengthy outage of barge traffic. The displaced volume of coal shipments from mines to power plants is estimated using Energy Information Administration survey data. The resilience of the impacted facilities, the viability of their shipping alternatives, and their ability to re-organize into new markets is assessed. Lost revenues are estimated for facilities that close due to an inability to adapt, as well as the replacement cost of towboats and barges trapped by a catastrophic and sudden failure. The aggregate costs to these facilities as a result of a year-long closure are estimated at $0.56-1.7 billion.