Estimating the long-term effects of different passenger car technologies on energy/fuel consumption and emissions of greenhouse gases in Europe

Abstract

A stated preference (SP) experiment of car ownership was conducted in Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) of Maharashtra in India. A full factorial experiment was designed to considering various attributes such as travel time, travel cost, projected household income, car loan payment and servicing cost. Data on 357 individuals were collected which resulted in 3213 observations for the calibration of the work trip and recreational trip car ownership models. The car ownership alternatives considered 0, 1 and 2 cars. A multinomial logit framework was used to develop the car ownership model taking the household as a decision unit. The specification and results of the SP car ownership model are discussed. The observed and predicted values matched reasonably when the validity of the SP car ownership model was tested against revealed preference (RP) data. The car ownership models developed in this study exhibit a satisfactory goodness of fit. It is concluded that the SP modelling approach can be successfully used for modelling car ownership decisions of households in developing countries.     

海口市低碳交通运输体系研究

针对海口市交通运输能源消耗及碳排放现状,立足于海口市经济社会发展及海港城市特色,从低碳视角提出海 口市交通运输发展目标,从综合交通运输体系、城市交通结构、科技水平、运输装备等方面进行战略研究,着重推动港口 绿色发展,形成与海口市经济社会相适应的“绿色、畅达、智慧、慢游”的低碳交通运输体系。     

Isocyanic acid and ammonia in vehicle emissions

Vehicles are considered to be an important source of ammonia (NH₃) and isocyanic acid (HNCO). HNCO and NH₃ have been shown to be toxic compounds. Moreover, NH₃ is also a precursor in the formation of atmospheric secondary aerosols. For that reason, real-time vehicular emissions from a series of Euro 5 and Euro 6 light-duty vehicles, including spark ignition (gasoline and flex-fuel), compression ignition (diesel) and a plug-in electric hybrid, were investigated at 23 and −7 °C over the new World harmonized Light-duty vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC) in the Vehicle Emission Laboratory at the European Commission Joint Research Centre Ispra, Italy. The median HNCO emissions obtained for the studied fleet over the WLTC were 1.4 mg km⁻¹ at 23 °C and 6 mg km⁻¹ at −7 °C. The fleet median NH₃ emission factors were 10 mg km⁻¹ and 21 mg km⁻¹ at 23 and −7 °C, respectively. The obtained results show that even though three-way catalyst (TWC), selective catalytic reduction (SCR), and NOx storage catalyst (NSC) are effective systems to reduce NOx vehicular emissions, they also lead to considerable emissions of the byproducts NH₃ and/or HNCO. It is also shown that diesel light-duty vehicles equipped with SCR can present NH₃ emission factors as high as gasoline light-duty vehicles at both, 23 and −7 °C over the WLTC. Therefore, with the introduction in the market of this DeNOx technology, vehicular NH₃ emissions will increase further.     

考虑铁路折扣的集装箱公路与多式联运博弈定价

针对考虑铁路运输规模折扣的集装箱公路直运与经陆港公铁联运的均衡定价问题,选用包含经济成本、时间成本和碳排放成本的集装箱公路直运与公-铁联运广义费用函数,构建上层以承运人利润最大化,下层以托运人广义费用最小化为目标的双层规划模型,结合算例采用基于灵敏度的启发式算法求解,并对托运人效用敏感权重系数进行敏感度分析,验证模型有效性。研究发现：公路和多式联运的价格博弈会促使双方运价下降;铁路运输规模折扣可以使多式联运通过降低运价提高货运分担率和利润,减少广义运输费用和碳排放;20%的铁路运输折扣可以使多式联运分担率从 29.44%增长至 45.37%,利润增加 14.20%,使所有集装箱运输广义费用下降 2.71%,碳排放减少16.70%;铁路直达海港可以使经陆港多式联运的货物分担率上升13.82%,利润上升33.27%,使所有集装箱运输广义费用下降4.24%,碳排放减少14.16%;托运人运输服务偏好会影响陆港的定价策略。     

沈阳地区公路建设项目中应用温拌沥青技术节能减排效益分析

温拌沥青技术在沈阳地区公路建设项目中研究和应用取得了较好效果,成本几乎没有增加,节能减排社会效益十分明显,温室气体（二氧化碳等）、沥青烟等有害气体排放大幅降低,应用前景广阔.     

基于改善柴油机排放的燃烧过程优化措施

改善柴油机排放的核心是对燃烧过程进行优化,通过改善燃烧过程来降低柴油机排放是当前柴油机研究中的重要课题。本文主要从优化进气系统、优化喷油系统、优化燃烧室结构、燃料的改质及优化润滑系统五个方面进行分析,综合这些相互制约的优化措施优化柴油机的燃烧过程,降低颗粒物质PM和NOx的直接排放。     

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在快速发展的高铁时代,为明确高速铁路运营组织管理中许多问题的解决途径,选择最早运营高速铁路的日本新干线为对象,以实际运行数据为基础,通过横向和纵向比较,分析其运营组织管理手段与措施,对我国高铁发展中的相关问题加以判断.研究认为,高铁发展不宜过快,应与普通铁路实现同站经营,并开行多停车方案列车,尽量挖掘600 km以内的竞争优势,实施票价动态调节机制,将能耗与排放控制放在首位.研究结论可为我国高速铁路的持续健康发展提供参考.     

公交优先政策对CO2排放的影响评估

为了探讨公交优先政策对CO2排放的影响及其敏感性,进行影响评估研究。首先探讨了城市公共交通与CO2排放的关系,提出公共交通CO2排放量的4个影响因素。对近年来公交优先政策的实施效果进行分析,推断其与CO2排放存在的关联性。估算2000—2008年公共交通CO2排放量,发现其与公交平均载客量呈反比、与平均出行距离呈正比;假设6种情境,计算不同能源结构、公交分担率提高比例情况下的CO2减排量阈值,并对影响因素进行敏感性分析。在此基础上,探讨公交优先政策可能导致的CO2排放削减的量级。最后,从节能减排的角度针对公交优先政策提出建议。     

船用增压柴油机不同负荷下燃烧排放性能研究

为了研究柴油机在不同运行工况下偏心燃烧室缸内燃烧及排放情况,采用三维流体数值分析软件AVL FIRE建立某型柴油机燃烧及排放的计算模型。通过对不同负荷下柴油机燃烧及排放的模拟,计算该型柴油机缸内压力、温度等参数随曲轴转角的变化及燃烧温度、燃空当量比、NO和Soot的分布情况。研究表明：随着负荷的增加,在高负荷下易出现燃油撞壁现象;NO生成量随着负荷的增大而增加,在负荷增大到一定值时反而减小;NO生成主要分布于燃烧室偏心侧,高工况时NO大量生成在燃烧室边缘;Soot主要集中在油束与缸盖之间的缝隙位置。     

大型LPG公交车运行工况与排放特性的试验研究

采用车载排放测试技术,对大型LPG公交车辆运行工况和排放特性进行试验研究.结果表明,公交车运行工况与国家排放标准规定的重型车发动机台架测试工况ESC和ETC有较大的差异.试验公交车辆的平均运行车速为16.7km/h,怠速时间占总运行时间的26.6％,加减速时间占61.3％,加减速度主要集中在-0.5～0.5m/s2之间...