A simulation of transit bus emissions along an urban corridor: Evaluating changes under various service improvement strategies

This study investigates the impacts of transit improvement strategies on bus emissions along a busy corridor in Montreal, Canada. The local transit provider, Société de Transport de Montréal, has implemented a number of strategies which include the use of smart cards, limited-stop (express bus) service, and reserved bus lanes along this corridor. Using data collected on-board for instantaneous speeds and stop-level ridership, we estimated bus emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants at three levels: road segment, bus-stop, and per passenger. A regression of segment-level emissions against a number of explanatory variables reveals that reserved bus lanes and express bus service reduce emissions significantly. On the other hand, smart card use reduces idling emissions compared to other fare payment methods. Our findings are of most relevance for transit planners who are seeking to implement different strategies to reduce emissions and improve transit performance.     

机动车尾气污染对居民出行选择的影响

机动车尾气排放造成的空气污染对人体健康的危害逐渐被医学界证实。城市居民选择交通工具以及出行路线时,道路机动车尾气污染会影响其选择行为。文中通过居民出行问卷调查证实部分出行者会采取规避行为降低机动车尾气污染对个人健康的危害,建立表征出行者与污染气体接触程度的曝露指数模型,通过数据拟合建立增量时间转化模型,以出行时间增加值的形式定量得到机动车尾气污染对居民出行的影响程度,对离散选择模型的效用函数进行了修正,并给出了算例。     

控制轿车加油排放的ORVR技术综述

针对安装在轿车油箱上的控制加油排放的车载加油蒸气回收装置(ORVR)进行研究,并且将ORVR与二级汽油回收系统(StageⅡ)的控制排放效果进行比较,结果表明,采用ORVR技术的控制效果更好,而且成本低,有必要全面实施ORVR控制系统。     

燃用不同地区燃油时过量空气系数对汽车发动机排放性能影响的分析

首先分析了我国7大地区燃油组分的特点;然后着重选用西南地区和华中地区的燃油进行发动机试验,适当调整过量空气系数,测试其CO、CO2、HC和NOx等排放的变化.结果表明基于不同地区燃油芳烃、烯烃组分的特点,适当调整过量空气系数,可使发动机的排放有所降低.     

The trade-off between trips and distance traveled in analyzing the emissions impacts of center-based telecommuting

Several travel indicators were compared between telecommuting (TC) days and non-telecommuting days for a sample of 72 center-based telecommuters in California. Distance traveled decreased significantly on TC days, with average reductions of 51 person-miles (58%) and 35 vehicle-miles (53%). When weighted by telecommuting frequency, average reductions of 11.9% in PMT and 11.5% in VMT were found over a five-day work week. Person-trips and vehicle-trips increased slightly (but not significantly) on TC days. This was due to statistically significant increases in commute trips by telecommuters (who more often went home for lunch on their TC days), partly counteracted by decreases in non-commute travel. The drive-alone mode share increased on TC days, both for all trips, and for commute trips in particular. Walking and biking shares also increased modestly on TC days, whereas shares of transit and ridesharing declined. Despite the increase in trip rates, TC-day reductions were found for all pollutants analyzed: 15% for total organic gas emissions, 21% for carbon monoxide, 35% for oxides of nitrogen, and 51% for particulate matter. The reduction in VMT more than compensated for the marginal increase in number of trips (and consequently, cold starts) on telecommuting days.     

基于传统动力源的重型商用车减碳技术

在全球能源危机和温室效应加剧的大环境下,中国向世界承诺减碳目标：2030年前力争实现碳达峰,2060年前力争实现碳中和。作为节能减排的重点,重型商用车的减碳成效是“双碳”征程中的关键。重点介绍基于传统动力源的重型商用车减碳技术,包括内燃机燃烧、低摩擦、智能变速、轻量化、混合动力等技术在内的动力总成领域,以及包括天然气、含氧燃料、氢氨燃料在内的先进燃料领域。通过不同领域的技术发展以及优势互补,更加高效、低碳、清洁的内燃机仍将在重型商用车领域持续发挥重要作用。     

环境可持续集装箱班轮运输管理研究综述

集装箱班轮运输业如何在追求成本经济性和服务可靠性的同时做好环境可持续性,对航运企业、港口运营商以及政府组织都提出了新的挑战。围绕集装箱班轮运输在环境层面实现可持续发展的目标,本文分别从战略、战术和运营等3个层面就措施、技术和规章制度等所做的研究进行文献综述、分析发展趋势。战略层面,从市场减排机制和政策的制定、绿色政策、...     

降低交通排放的干线协调信号控制优化方法

为降低干线道路系统的交通排放量,基于机动车比功率改进红绿灯期间排放因子的标定方法,进而以相位有效绿灯时间为决策变量,构建使机动车排放总量最小化的干线交叉口群时空资源优化模型.分析相邻交叉口间车队延误与相位差的关系,改进以车队延误最小为目标的相位差优化模型.为验证模型,设计一个案例,根据传统方法获得参考配时方案,借助Vissim软件标定红绿灯期间的排放因子,并使用所提方法获得优化配时方案.结果显示,每种污染物绿灯期间的排放因子均明显高于红灯期间;与参考配时方案相比,优化配时方案下各交叉口车辆延误和排放量均减少8~11%.所提模型能同时降低干线交叉口群的车辆延误和交通排放量,可用于优化干线协调信号控制方案,进而缓解交通拥堵.     

随机运输时间下集装箱海铁联运箱流径路优化方法

集装箱在海铁联运过程中容易受到各种不确定因素的影响, 导致运输时间波动, 进而影响货物的送达准点率。为有效降低不确定运输时间的影响, 兼顾运输过程的经济性和绿色可持续性优化集装箱海铁联运箱流径路。采用随机机会约束规划构建运输总费用最少和碳排放量最低的多目标模型。在约束条件中引入铁路和海洋期望运到时间, 并对超过期望运到时间的径路进行惩罚处理, 保证运输径路的优越性。考虑一站直达和中转换装这2种运输组织模式, 克服现有研究未考虑货源是否充足的缺陷。运用不确定及概率论相关理论知识将不确定约束转化为线性约束。以西安至洛杉矶的集装箱货物出口径路优化为案例背景, 采用NSGA-Ⅱ算法求解, 并通过贪心算法改进初始化种群以及基于logistics分布的概率选择算子改进精英选择算子。通过对比分析得到以下结果: ①算法优化后运输总费用减少23.15万美元, 碳排放减少6.69 t, 同时算法求解速度提高了75.36%;②将本文模型选用的随机规划和模糊规划进行对比, 发现随机规划解集数量多于模糊规划, 且二者在相同输送径路中的运输总费用和碳排放量均优化了10.65%。因此本文模型和算法具有良好的优化效果。进行灵敏度分析, 观察置信水平以及时间影响系数对目标函数和货物送达准点率的影响。结果表明: ①较高的铁路和海洋运输置信水平会提高货物的运输总费用。②时间影响系数和货物送达准点率呈负相关, 影响系数越大货物送达准点率越低。     

Greenhouse gas emissions from road transport in South Africa and Lesotho between 2000 and 2009

Road transport is the major source of global greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector, contributing about three quarters towards the total transport emissions. This study used the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Tier 2 approach to calculate greenhouse gas emissions from road transport in South Africa and Lesotho between 2000 and 2009. Key transport emitting sources, trend analysis and modal intensities were determined for the two countries. For South Africa, provincial road transport emissions were calculated from the number of vehicles by vehicle type and distance travelled. Calculations were at a national level in Lesotho. Road transport carbon dioxide equivalent emissions were estimated at 43.5 million tonnes in South Africa and 0.28 million tonnes in Lesotho in 2009. Motorcars and trucks produced 70.6% of the total road transport emissions in South Africa. Road transport emissions increased by approximately 2.6% per year between 2000 and 2009 in South Africa, while they increased by approximately 2.5% per annum in Lesotho over the same period. Gauteng province had the highest emissions, contributing approximately a third of total road transport emissions in South Africa; while the Northern Cape contributed only 2%. Minibus taxis were the most efficient transport mode on the basis of load carried. The Northern Cape had the highest emissions per passenger-kilometres and tonne-kilometre while the North West had the lowest. Trend assessment showed that emissions from trucks increased rapidly while emissions from other modes of transport decreased over the study period.