北京城市轨道交通工程技术标准研究及规范编制

结合北京市自2007年以来所开展的城市轨道交通技术标准研究工作,以及目前北京城市轨道交通发展所面临的主要技术问题,对北京地方标准《城市轨道交通工程设计规范》编制的基本原则、主要技术路线、所确定的主要技术标准及其创新性突破等方面的内容进行全面阐述。《规范》全面覆盖了所有30余个专业和系统,重点阐述在以人为本、提高运营效率,强化安全体系、防灾减灾,网络化及资源共享,节能环保以及总结以往工程经验等五大方面取得的创新成果。     

Factors Influencing the Participation of Local Governmental Officials in the National Estuary Program

Participation by local governmental officials is not given the same attention in the literature as that of citizens, publics, technical experts, or stakeholders. Yet, local governments are often a keystone to successfully implementing and enforcing coastal management policies. Qualitative analysis of open-ended interviews with local government officials from three national estuary program applications in New England revealed factors related to nine themes that shaped decisions to participate or not. Three categories of factors help to clarify the different types of influence agencies have over local government officials' decisions about whether or not to participate: factors associated with the character of individuals, with the context, and with the process. This taxonomy helps to clarify the kinds of opportunities available to project leadership to influence local government officials toward participating in regional coastal management processes. An important finding is that project staff should listen and learn about the concerns of local government officials and then create a process that accommodates and overcomes barriers to their participation.     

Marine Stingers: Review of an Under-Recognized Global Coastal Management Issue

Dangerous marine stingers (jellyfish) are an emotive issue in tropical Australia, where they are widely regarded as the number one marine health threat. However, numerous severe and fatal stings have been reported throughout the tropical and temperate seas of the world, indicating that marine stingers are a global health problem. Further, life-threatening jellyfish stings are more frequently reported globally now compared to earlier decades, possibly as a result of improved recognition and reporting, or increased spatial and/or temporal distribution or densities. As stinging incidents may also have significant financial implications (lost tourism revenues and liability settlements), and the treatment of envenomed patients comes at high cost to the taxpayer, this issue is also a management challenge. This article outlines suggested approaches, based largely on Australian experience, for dealing with this under-recognized global coastal management issue.     

The impacts of strait and canal blockages on the transportation costs of the Chinese fleet in the shipping network

ABSTRACT

Straits and canals have always served as key nodes in shipping networks. The blockage of a strait or canal will lead to ship deviations and increased transportation costs. To measure this impact on the Chinese fleet, our study develops a mathematical model that is based on a programming formulation. Each strait or canal is assumed to be blocked in turn, and the increased transportation costs for the Chinese fleet in different scenarios are calculated and compared using the proposed programming formulation in order to measure the impact of the blocked strait or canal on the Chinese fleet. Larger increases in transportation costs have greater impacts on the fleet. The results show that a blockage of the Strait of Hormuz would have the greatest impact of all straits and canals; it would cause the Chinese fleet to lose a portion of its import and export market, and such a blockage cannot be addressed through ship deviations. Based upon increased transportation costs, the four straits or canals that would have the greatest impact if blocked are the Mandeb Strait, the Suez Canal, the Sunda Strait and the English Channel.     

环境保护问题的法律调整模式分析

政府直接管制与基于市场的经济手段在环境公共政策的调整领域都有其有利的地位,环境政策的关键在于寻找市场调节与政府直接干预的均衡点,以达到环境保护与经济发展协调的目的。本文从外部性、公共产品、信息不对称三个使“市场失灵”的角度分析了环境保护问题的法律调整模式,认为解决环境问题需要“看得见的手”和“看不见的手”兼而用之。     

我国出租车行业的民营化改革

从揭示出租车行业的性质入手,系统分析了我国作为主体的出租车运营业,即北京模式的现状,并以民营化理论为基础,具体阐述了我国出租车行业民营化的路径。同时基于出租车行业作为城市公共交通一部分的公益属性,论证了政府再管制的合法性和措施。     

CO2 efficiency in road freight transportation: Status quo, measures and potential

Road freight transport continues to grow in Germany and generates 6% of the country’s CO₂ emissions. In logistics, many decisions influence the energy efficiency of trucks, but causalities are not well understood. Little work has been done on quantifying the potential for further CO₂ reduction and the effect of specific activities, such as introducing computer assisted scheduling systems to trucking firms. A survey was survey out and linked fuel consumption to transport performance parameters in 50 German haulage companies during 2003. Emission efficiency ranged from 0.8 tonne-km to 26 tonne-km for 1 kg CO₂ emissions. The results show potential for improvements given a low level of vehicle usage and load factor levels, scarce use of lightweight vehicle design, poorly selected vehicles and a high proportion of empty runs. IT-based scheduling systems with telematic application for data communication, positioning and navigation show positive effects on efficiency. Fuel use and transport performance was measured before and after the introduction of these systems.     

混凝土连续梁桥空心墩墩顶局部应力分析

大跨度预应力混凝土连续梁桥桥墩是结构的关键部位之一,桥墩墩顶截面的受力很复杂。本文通过建立某连续梁桥空心墩的空间有限元模型,分析了空心墩在竖向荷载及温度荷载作用下的墩顶局部应力分布特征,指出在墩顶对称轴附近存在较大拉应力,特别在墩实体过渡段下部;而且在骤然降温时,桥墩外表面出现较大横向拉应力。因此要注意配筋,防止出现裂缝。     

Novel Local Search Method for the Traveling Salesman Problem

A new local search method for the traveling salesman problem based on an original greedy representation of solution space and neighborhood structure is proposed. First, a partial closed route that only consists of three cities is given; then other cities are added to this route by a greedy procedure successively. Implemented on a personal computer, this algorithm finds optimal solutions for 24 out of 27 standard benchmarks, and outperforms the Full Subpath Ejection Algorithm (F-SEC) proposed by Rego in 1998.     

我国地铁票价制定工作相关因素分析

随着我国地铁建设的规模化发展,如何合理地确定地铁票价,使其既能有助于地铁的长远发展,又能很好地为市民提供质优、价廉的运输服务,已成为我国地铁建设和经营者关注的事项。通过对市场、政府两个对地铁定价起重要作用的因素进行阐述,提出对地铁定价的思路。