Local Search Algorithm with Hybrid Neighborhood and Its Application to Job Shop Scheduling Problem

A new local search method with hybrid neighborhood for Job shop scheduling problem is developed. The proposed hybrid neighborhood is not only efficient in local search, but also can help overcome entrapments while search procedure get trapped at local optima and carry the search to areas of the feasible set with better prospect. New strategies used for breaking out of entrapments are presented and they are helpful for the procedure to improve local optima. A performance comparison of the proposed method with some best-performing algorithms on all 10-job, 10-machine benchmark problems and the other two problems generated by Fisher and Thompson ( ie. , FT6 and FT20) is made. The experiment results show the better optimal performance of the proposed algorithm.     

The fleet size and mix pollution-routing problem

This paper introduces the fleet size and mix pollution-routing problem which extends the pollution-routing problem by considering a heterogeneous vehicle fleet. The main objective is to minimize the sum of vehicle fixed costs and routing cost, where the latter can be defined with respect to the cost of fuel and CO₂ emissions, and driver cost. Solving this problem poses several methodological challenges. To this end, we have developed a powerful metaheuristic which was successfully applied to a large pool of realistic benchmark instances. Several analyses were conducted to shed light on the trade-offs between various performance indicators, including capacity utilization, fuel and emissions and costs pertaining to vehicle acquisition, fuel consumption and drivers. The analyses also quantify the benefits of using a heterogeneous fleet over a homogeneous one.     

Walking short distances. The socioeconomic drivers for the use of proximity in everyday mobility in Barcelona

Many studies have found that cities, with residents that are co-located with jobs and services in compact and diverse urban environments, generate positive outputs for a number of areas of social policy, with issues ranging from environmental to social and including public health. This evidence supports promoting rich and thriving neighbourhoods in order to encourage short distance mobility. In this context, we use a wide travel survey (EMQ06), undertaken in Spain, to measure short-distance travelling within Barcelona and to assess how distinct social groups make use of the local scale for their everyday mobility. The effects of socioeconomics and access to transport are discussed, prior to applying a Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID) method, in order to explore heterogeneity among the different social groups, in terms of local travelling. We found that nearly a quarter of all daily mobility in Barcelona is performed with a local trip, and that short trips are more frequently undertaken for personal purposes. Also, age, gender and access to private transport appear as significant factors. Overall, our results suggest that a proximity scale is being used by those groups with greater time–space constraints, such as working women or low income people without access to private vehicles, opening important implications on transport policy regarding the design of proximity-prone environments.     

地方海事行政执法难点探析

地方海事行政执法是法律法规授权的具有独立主体的行政执法,也是地方海事机构的主要社会功能和赖以存在的价值所在。本文根据笔者多年来海事执法实践,对地方海事行政执法过程中存在的外在执法难问题进行了综合分析,并提出了相应对策。     

网络技术：政府能力提升的有效工具

政府能力体现为政府作用于社会的有效程度。科学技术的发展对于提升政府能力具有重要的促进重要。网络技术的发展为政府能力提升提供了一个有效工具，它直接推动了各国政府网络化、信息化的改造。本通过网络技术在政府组织、公共决策、政府行为、公务人员四个方面的具体应用来说明之，并提出我国政府网络化、信息化改造的政策建议。     

China’s electric car frustrations

By 2020, the vehicle population in China will likely exceed 280 million—exacerbating national energy security, urban air pollution, and traffic congestion. In response, many local and regional governments in China are pursuing an expanding array of measures to restrain growth in personal vehicle ownership and, along with the central government, reducing emissions and energy use of vehicles. One prominent strategy is the promotion of new energy vehicles, especially plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). Large subsidies were offered—up to $27,600 (171,000 RMB) per vehicle in some regions, including almost $9200 (57,000 RMB) from the central government—which suggests that China is making a major commitment to PEVs. But sales have been meager. In 2013, only 17,600 PEVs, mostly buses and utility trucks, were sold, less than 0.1% of total civilian vehicle sales. Several factors explain the failure of PEV sales to take off: (1) protectionism by local governments; (2) uncertainty over which electric-drive vehicle technologies to promote and what consumers are willing to pay, (3) lagging investments in charging infrastructure, and (4) conservative investment behavior by automakers and battery manufacturers. The central government issued directives to local governments in late 2013 to reduce barriers to out-of-town companies, resulting in modest sales increases in early 2014, but a more coherent, broader, and effective set of policies, incentives, and strategies are needed to overcome consumer and industry resistance and the lack of charging infrastructure.     

考虑用户偏好的共享汽车混合运营模式优化

针对共享汽车运营商的油车和电车混合车队调度问题，本文将自由流动式和站点借还式两种运营模式相结合，提出考虑用户用车类型偏好的共享汽车系统优化模型。模型为油车和电车车队分别设置了自由流动式和站点借还式的运营模式，并进行运营范围决策、站点选址和车辆调度优化；运营商优先满足用户的用车类型偏好选择，对无法满足偏好的用户进行补贴。根据优化模型基本特征，设计基于梯度的启发式求解方法，对大规模非线性混合整数规划模型进行求解；针对案例区域，比较有无补贴的混合车队模式和单一车队模式的优化结果。结果表明：相比无补贴模式，有补贴模式能够鼓励偏好燃油汽车的用户更多地使用电动汽车，需求满足率从73.4%提高到78.2%，运营商利润提高了46.4%；相比单一类型车队，混合车队能够吸引更多用户使用共享汽车，用户需求数提高了40.6%。     

The effect of railway local irregularities on ground vibration

The environmental effects of ground-borne vibrations generated due to localised railway defects is a growing concern in urban areas. Frequency domain modelling approaches are well suited for predicting vibration levels on standard railway lines due to track periodicity. However, when considering individual, non-periodic, localised defects (e.g. a rail joint), frequency domain modelling becomes challenging. Therefore in this study, a previously validated, time domain, three-dimensional ground vibration prediction model is modified to analyse such defects. A range of different local (discontinuous) rail and wheel irregularity are mathematically modelled, including: rail joints, switches, crossings and wheel flats. Each is investigated using a sensitivity analysis, where defect size and vehicle speed is varied. To quantify the effect on railroad ground-borne vibration levels, a variety of exposure–response relationships are analysed, including: peak particle velocity, maximum weighted time-averaged velocity and weighted decibel velocity. It is shown that local irregularities cause a significant increase in vibration in comparison to a smooth track, and that the vibrations can propagate to greater distances from the line. Furthermore, the results show that step-down joints generate the highest levels of vibration, whereas wheel flats generate much lower levels. It is also found that defect size influences vibration levels, and larger defects cause greater vibration. Lastly, it is shown that for different defect types, train speed effects are complex, and may cause either an increase or decrease in vibration levels.     

需求不确定状态下的航班机型分配问题研究

机型分配问题是飞机、机组排班问题的基础,是整个航班计划中的关键环节。文章针对市场需求高度不确定的情况,建立了两阶段随机混合整数规划模型,其中第一阶段考虑机族层次的分配,确保每个航节均分配1种且仅有1种机族,第二阶段根据进一步的市场需求信息及预测,考虑每个航节所分配的机族内具体机型的分配问题。针对建立的模型,设计了Benders分解算法,并通过算例验证了该模型较传统确定型模型更具有效性,能够为航空公司的机型分配提供决策支持。