Accessibility: an evaluation using consumer welfare

This study explores the worth consumers place on mode-destination accessibility for the AM journey to work trip. To accomplish this, a multinomial mode-destination choice model is estimated and the denominator of the specified logit model is used as an estimate of mode-destination accessibility. To improve the interpretability of this measure, compensating variation is then applied to convert the mode-destination accessibility to units of dollars per AM journey to work trip. The model is estimated using travel survey data from the Puget Sound Region in Washington state. It is reasonable to assume, for example, that the worth placed on mode-destination accessibility varies by mode, by destination, and by market segment (e.g., low income, high income). Less intuitive, however, are the magnitude and direction of these variations. This paper presents a methodological approach, followed by an empirical evaluation, for examining the worth of journey to work mode- destination accessibility. The results have important policy implications and also provide a mechanism for incorporating a monetary value for accessibility in future cost-benefit analyses.     

交通效率的度量方法研究

在全面分析交通效率内涵的基础上,提出了4种交通效率度量方法,即可达性、机动性、生产率、效用方法。分析了各种方法的优点与局限性。对珠江三角洲两个城市高速公路网络交通效率的验证分析表明这4种方法意义明确、算法简便。经进一步的理论分析,可以认为,这4种度量交通效率的方法将为规划工程师和决策人员提供直观、丰富而又简练的信息和决策帮助。     

An Evaluation of the Accessibility Benefits of Commuter Rail in Eastern Massachusetts using Spatial Hedonic Price Functions

We estimate spatial hedonic price functions to examine local and regional accessibility benefits of commuter rail service in Eastern Massachusetts, while controlling for proximity-related negative externalities and other confounding influences. The data include 1,860 single-family residential properties from four municipalities with commuter rail service, and three municipalities without commuter rail service. We find some evidence of the capitalization of accessibility to commuter rail stations. Two model specifications suggest that properties located in municipalities with commuter rail stations exhibit values that are between 9.6% and 10.1% higher than properties in municipalities without a commuter rail station. With a third model we detect weak evidence of the capitalization of auto access time or walking time to the stations, suggesting that properties located within a one-half mile buffer of a station have values that are 10.1% higher than properties located outside of this buffer area and that an additional minute of drive time from the station is related to a decrease of 1.6% in property values. Our results also indicate that proximity to commuter rail right-of-way has a significant negative effect on property values, which suggests that for every 1,000 ft. in distance from the commuter rail right-of-way, property values are between $732 and $2,897 higher, all else held equal. At the mean sample values, this result translates into an elasticity of between 0.03 and 0.13, depending on the functional form of the hedonic price equation.     

南京中心市区居住用地水系可达性分析

为探讨水系可达性对城市居住用地分布的影响,基于交通可达性的概念和最短路径分析法,在GIS平台上构建了城市居住用地水系可达性模型.借助ArcGIS9.2软件,计算了不同交通等级的最小时间成本,分析了南京中心市区1990年和2008年居住用地的水系可达性时距圈和新增居住用地分布的变化特征.研究表明:从1990年到2008年,南京中心市区水系可达性在5 min以内的居住用地的比例约降10%,在5～10 min之间的增加5.8%,在10～20 min之间的增加5.4,在20～30 min之问的没有明显变化;约80%的新增居住用地分布在10 min水系可达范围内,说明近20 a来,南京中心市区近距离水系可达性居住用地的比例呈下降趋势,但新增居住用地具有明显的亲水性特征.     

Port competition with accessibility and congestion: a theoretical framework and literature review on empirical studies

This review interprets recent studies of the interactions between the competition of gateway seaports and the accessibility of landside transportation links to inland regions. Port competition is treated as part of a rivalry between two transportation chains. This article identifies the main modeling approaches and defines the different types of hinterland access systems described in the literature. A general theoretical framework is then proposed to incorporate those key components. The importance of the proposed framework is revealed by comparing and extending results from the literature. Major assumptions that need further empirical verification are identified and discussed, and related empirical studies are reviewed. Finally, avenues for further research are discussed.     

Estimating light-rail transit peak-hour boarding based on accessibility at station and route levels in Wuhan,China

Promoting public transit is a well-recognized policy for sustainable urban transport development. Transit demand analysis proves to be a challenging task in fast growing cities, partially due to the lack of reliable data and applicable techniques for rapidly changing urban contexts. This paper presents an effort to meet the challenge by developing a framework to estimate peak-hour boarding at light-rail transit (LRT) stations. The core part of the framework is an accessibility-weighted ridership model that multiplies potential demand by integral LRT accessibility. Potential demand around LRT stations is generated by using a distance-decay function. The integral LRT accessibility is a route-level factor that indicates the degree of attractiveness to LRT travel for stations in an LRT corridor. A case study in Wuhan, China, shows that the proposed method produces results useful for improving transit demand analysis.     

空间可达性研究综述

可达性概念在理解上的分歧产生了许多本质认识及测算方法上的混乱,为了全面、准确地理解可达性,运用文献综述的方法,全面回顾国内外学者对其本质含义及测算方法的论述。对空间可达性的认识及测算方法总体上分为三种类型：空间阻隔、机会累积和空间相互作用。基于空间阻隔的方法是从纯形态学角度来分析可达性,而基于机会累积和基于空间相互作用的方法还考察土地使用和发展机会对可达性的影响。基于机会累积的测算方法强调某点在等时线范围内所能接触到的机会累积量,而基于空间相互作用的测算方法侧重于出发点与目的点间的相互作用强度。与机动性概念相比,可达性在城市研究和交通规划中有着更为广泛且重要的应用：首先,能夯实城市交通规划的指导原则;其次,能准确监测与评价交通项目实施效果;最后,能深刻诠释城市空间结构。     

基于互联网地图数据的城市轨道交通规划方案公交可达性计算方法

传统基于网络分析的规划城市轨道交通方案公交可达性计算存在着数据获取难和分析时主观成分明显的问题.提出一种融合互联网地图数据和网络分析的计算方法,得到轨道交通规划方案对公交出行时间的影响.基于该方法,选取3个公交可达性评价指标,以芜湖市城市轨道交通规划方案为例,分析不同方案对公交可达性的影响,并探讨了该技术方法推广的可行...     

A GIS-based planning approach to locating urban rail terminals

This paper develops a flexible GIS-based methodology for evaluating the potential locations of terminal park-and-ride facilities along urban rail lines. The methodology differs from political-based approaches and traditional travel demand modeling in its use of an objective measure of accessibility to gage the suitability of a site. The methodology begins by constructing an index of derived demand for rail usage based on the local demographics. Principal component analysis (PCA) is used as a means of constructing an index of derived demand consistent with other passenger surveys. Next, trade areas or commutersheds are calculated for each candidate park-and-ride location based on realistic measures of accessibility and network based drive times, taking into account competition among candidates for riders. Following the analysis, the candidate locations and their commutersheds are delineated and visualized in the GIS environment. In summary, application of this method produces a site-specific suitability index that may be used to rank and compare potential park-and-ride locations. We illustrate how our approach fits within the context of the larger-scale corridor study as a complimentary means of refining the location of urban rail stations. The analysis uses the proposed rail system for Columbus Ohio as a case study. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

北京市小汽车通勤可达性变化及驱动因素分析

城市空间结构演化与交通发展之间存在动态互馈关系,可达性是连接二者的 关键纽带.基于潜能模型,在1 km × 1 km网格尺度上,计算了2000 年和2010 年北京市小 汽车的通勤可达性,并利用敏感性分析的思路研究通勤可达性变化的驱动因素.结果表 明,小汽车通勤可达性的时间变化体现为10 年间大幅提高,增长54%;空间上由中心区向 外围可达性递减的分布格局保持不变,但2010 年的可达性沿环路及高速公路蔓延的现 象更加明显,而且不同区域可达性变化的绝对值及变化率具有显著差异. 城市空间结构 变化对小汽车通勤可达性具有主要提升作用,但部分提升作用被路网运行速度的降低效 果所抵消.促进交通基础设施建设与城市空间布局的协调,仍是未来研究的重要课题.