交通信息与交通行为控制

交通信息作用的对象是人,目的是交通行为控制。具有行为控制作用的交通信息来自交通控制系统或交通信息系统。交通信息客观上导致了交通行为控制,是建立在交通行为可控性基础上的,归咎于人的行为心理特点、社会特性等。交通控制信息对出行者行为控制,是以信息行为规则建立发布、接收和处罚等为主导的行为过程的结果;交通指导信息是以需求、目的、知识、刺激和回报为主导的心理过程的结果。探讨交通信息对交通行为控制作用是道路交通控制的基础。     

小间距隧道爆破动力响应分析

基于复线隧道施工爆破对既有隧道稳定性冲击问题,结合沪蓉线庙垭分岔隧道工程实例,研究了其小间距段施工爆破的振动监测方法、爆破动力特性及其减振控制技术。通过对隧道爆破围岩和衬砌质点振动速度波的频谱分析及其振速预测数学模型的改进研究,分析了隧道振速峰值纵向衰减规律、衬砌振速主频、横断面振速分布规律及爆破掌子面附近振动情况,并以小间距既有隧道中墙迎爆侧破坏为基准,从循环进尺、微振起爆、掏槽结构等方面提出了相邻隧道爆破减振技术措施。研究结论可为类似工程的爆破设计、施工及监测提供参考。     

基于驾驶行为共性建模的速度-密度关系研究

为了能对车流的速度-密度关系进行准确描述及对现实交通中的速度陡降现象进行解释,首先提取出驾驶行为共性:(1)驾驶员利用与渴望车速对应的心理车头间距来判断前方的交通流状况;(2)驾驶行为中加速或减速行为是驾驶员根据前车传递的交通信息和自己对此信息的时间和空间理解来进行的,并且以回波速度向后传递。此后,在对这些驾驶共性进行数学描述的基础上建立一种以车头间距和驾驶员反应时间等为参数的回波速度和速度-密度关系模型,通过分析模型中驾驶员反应时间这个参数在加速和减速时的不同选择对速度陡降现象进行解释。最后,使用MATLAB7.0软件数值模拟计算回波速度和速度-密度关系,计算结果表明:回波速度最大值与相关文献给出的值吻合,速度-密度关系曲线与观测的数据吻合,驾驶员反应时间变化是产生速度陡降现象的根本原因。     

Existence of urban-scale macroscopic fundamental diagrams: Some experimental findings

A field experiment in Yokohama (Japan) reveals that a macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) linking space-mean flow, density and speed exists on a large urban area. The experiment used a combination of fixed detectors and floating vehicle probes as sensors. It was observed that when the somewhat chaotic scatter-plots of speed vs. density from individual fixed detectors were aggregated the scatter nearly disappeared and points grouped neatly along a smoothly declining curve. This evidence suggests, but does not prove, that an MFD exists for the complete network because the fixed detectors only measure conditions in their proximity, which may not represent the whole network. Therefore, the analysis was enriched with data from GPS-equipped taxis, which covered the entire network. The new data were filtered to ensure that only full-taxi trips (i.e., representative of automobile trips) were retained in the sample. The space-mean speeds and densities at different times-of-day were then estimated for the whole study area using relevant parts of the detector and taxi data sets. These estimates were still found to lie close to a smoothly declining curve with deviations smaller than those of individual links – and entirely explained by experimental error. The analysis also revealed a fixed relation between the space-mean flows on the whole network, which are easy to estimate given the existence of an MFD, and the trip completion rates, which dynamically measure accessibility.     

An alternative model in traffic flow equations

The kinetic theory for traffic flow equations can be approached using the Grad’s method. This method, which is derived from the kinetic gas theory, was developed for the Paveri-Fontana equation when a special desired velocity model is assumed. A closure relation for the set of macroscopic equations is found when the density, the average velocity and the velocity variance are the relevant variables chosen to describe the system. Simulation results are also shown and a qualitative comparison with other models in the literature is presented.     

An integrated spatio-temporal GIS toolkit for exploring intra-household interactions

This paper reports on the development of an integrated spatio-temporal GIS toolkit that facilitates the exploration of intra-household interactions. Two tools comprise the toolkit. The first tool, Space-Time Coincidence Analyst, identifies joint activity/travel episodes undertaken by household members. The core of this tool is a set of flexible criteria for classifying episodes as either joint or independent. The second tool, Space-Time Path Visualizer, not only displays space-time paths for household members, but also shows joint episodes undertaken by any two household members together. The toolkit can be applied to any household-based, activity/travel data set so long as required information is specified by the user. To demonstrate its usefulness for research, the toolkit is applied to the TAPS (Toronto Activity Panel Survey) 2002–03 data set. The results suggest that considerable variation exists in the number of joint activity/travel episodes identified using different classification criteria. Specifically, when using restrictive criteria (i.e., same timing, specific activity type/travel mode), only 2,265 joint activity/travel episodes are identified compared to 8,791 when using more flexible criteria. In turn, our results show that certain key attributes for independent and joint activity/travel episodes (i.e., frequency per household, starting time, ending time and duration) also vary under the different classification criteria.

合流区竞争与协作换道判定方法与特性研究

为提高换道模型的精确性,基于接受间距、车头时距和碰撞时间三指标构建了竞争与协作换道行为的定量判定方法。首先,系统阐述了该方法的实施过程;然后,基于快速路合流区的车辆运行轨迹数据,通过实验验证了该方法的适用性;最后,对道路资源有限条件下的竞争与协作换道行为特性进行了统计分析,着重探讨了接受间距与相对速度关系、换道时间、后随车最大速度变化和加加速度等外显特征,并得到了不同接受间距下的竞争与协作换道概率。研究表明：所提竞争与协作行为的判定方法,能有效识别复杂环境中的换道行为类型;竞争与协作换道的接受间距均服从正态分布,在间距小于8m时,竞争换道发生概率随间距增大而增大,之后则随间距增大而减小;间距大于20m时,协作换道概率达到92.4%,竞争换道概率小于10%。     

基于元胞自动机的竞争型换道模型

为研究车辆在换道过程中存在的互不相让、相互竞争的现象,运用元胞自动机理论,提出一种竞争型的换道模型。首先,将换道分为换道需求判断和换道实施过程两部分;然后,在需求判断中引入邻车道速度累积优势,在换道实施过程中引入竞争程度定义换道新规则;最后,在不同交通密度下对竞争换道模型进行仿真,并与自由换道和协作换道进行对比分析。结果表明：不同密度下协作换道模型得到的车流量和车辆平均速度均高于其他换道模型;在一定密度范围内,竞争换道得到的车流量和车辆速度比自由换道高;但当密度较高时,竞争换道对车辆的速度以及交通密度可能产生负面影响。这说明协作换道能提高车辆速度,有效缓解交通阻塞;而竞争换道对车辆速度的提升不明显,并且采用竞争换道对交通流有影响,有时可能会降低道路的通行能力。     

预制超高性能混凝土π形梁桥的设计与初步试验

为解决传统混凝土简支梁桥接缝多、易开裂、耐久性低等问题,提出一种新型预制超高性能混凝土（UHPC）π形梁桥结构。研究了超高性能混凝土π形梁桥的主梁形式,并与相同30 m跨径传统混凝土T形梁桥进行了对比,结果表明其自重仅为传统混凝土T形梁桥的47%。参考材料试验结果,取设计用UHPC受压本构关系为线弹性,受拉本构关系为理想弹塑性,并根据法国超高性能纤维配筋混凝土（UHPFRC）结构规范对π形梁进行承载能力极限状态及正常使用极限状态下的配筋设计。为探究超高性能混凝土π形梁的抗剪及抗弯性能,对2根1：2截面缩尺梁模型进行试验研究及非线性有限元分析。结果表明：超高性能混凝土π形梁桥的初裂应力及承载能力均满足工程要求;纵向配筋率的提高能够显著提高梁底纵向开裂应变,限制裂缝开展;按法国规范计算相应荷载下的裂缝宽度值大于试验测量值,理论计算偏安全;试验值与模拟值吻合较好,验证了ABAQUS损伤塑性模型中所取材料参数的准确性和适用性;受拉塑性参数中的极限拉应力对于模拟结果影响较大,需根据试验获得准确数值。     

新型UHPC箱梁桥面体系横向受力性能

为研究新型UHPC连续箱梁桥面体系的受力特性,以广东清新大桥石角侧跨堤引桥为工程背景进行试设计,建立空间有限元模型进行桥面体系静力计算,以此为基础开展了1∶2缩尺模型试验和非线性有限元模拟,并对影响开裂应力的主要因素进行了参数分析。研究结果表明:UHPC箱梁试设计方案整体计算满足要求,正常使用极限状态桥面体系计算时,纵向未出现拉应力,横隔板上弦板底面最大横向拉应力为11.3 MPa。缩尺模型试验结果表明,桥面体系中横隔板上弦板下缘名义开裂应力为15.4 MPa,极限状态名义应力为68.2 MPa。开裂应力和承载能力均满足工程要求。横向受力抗裂性能参数分析表明,采用法国UHPC结构规范计算名义开裂应力是可行的,增大配筋率整体上可以提高上弦板下缘开裂应力,在实桥中,上弦板下缘钢筋直径建议取值■12～■40。增加上弦板高度可以提高抗裂安全性,当试验模型上弦板高度从24 cm增加到36 cm时,抗裂安全系数从1.24增加到1.52。