Existence of urban-scale macroscopic fundamental diagrams: Some experimental findings

A field experiment in Yokohama (Japan) reveals that a macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) linking space-mean flow, density and speed exists on a large urban area. The experiment used a combination of fixed detectors and floating vehicle probes as sensors. It was observed that when the somewhat chaotic scatter-plots of speed vs. density from individual fixed detectors were aggregated the scatter nearly disappeared and points grouped neatly along a smoothly declining curve. This evidence suggests, but does not prove, that an MFD exists for the complete network because the fixed detectors only measure conditions in their proximity, which may not represent the whole network. Therefore, the analysis was enriched with data from GPS-equipped taxis, which covered the entire network. The new data were filtered to ensure that only full-taxi trips (i.e., representative of automobile trips) were retained in the sample. The space-mean speeds and densities at different times-of-day were then estimated for the whole study area using relevant parts of the detector and taxi data sets. These estimates were still found to lie close to a smoothly declining curve with deviations smaller than those of individual links – and entirely explained by experimental error. The analysis also revealed a fixed relation between the space-mean flows on the whole network, which are easy to estimate given the existence of an MFD, and the trip completion rates, which dynamically measure accessibility.     

An integrated spatio-temporal GIS toolkit for exploring intra-household interactions

This paper reports on the development of an integrated spatio-temporal GIS toolkit that facilitates the exploration of intra-household interactions. Two tools comprise the toolkit. The first tool, Space-Time Coincidence Analyst, identifies joint activity/travel episodes undertaken by household members. The core of this tool is a set of flexible criteria for classifying episodes as either joint or independent. The second tool, Space-Time Path Visualizer, not only displays space-time paths for household members, but also shows joint episodes undertaken by any two household members together. The toolkit can be applied to any household-based, activity/travel data set so long as required information is specified by the user. To demonstrate its usefulness for research, the toolkit is applied to the TAPS (Toronto Activity Panel Survey) 2002–03 data set. The results suggest that considerable variation exists in the number of joint activity/travel episodes identified using different classification criteria. Specifically, when using restrictive criteria (i.e., same timing, specific activity type/travel mode), only 2,265 joint activity/travel episodes are identified compared to 8,791 when using more flexible criteria. In turn, our results show that certain key attributes for independent and joint activity/travel episodes (i.e., frequency per household, starting time, ending time and duration) also vary under the different classification criteria.

信号交叉口过渡信号期间行人过街选择行为分析

主要对行人过渡信号期间信号灯不同显示方式下行人过街的影响因素进行分析,并建立了行人过街行为的预测模型.使用视频和问卷调查法,在重庆市3 个交叉口进行拍摄,记录下行人在过渡信号期间的过街行为.同时,对通过交叉口的行人使用截断式调查的方式进行问卷调查.问卷基于计划行为理论进行设置,为了验证问卷的有效性和科学性,调查后对问卷进行了信度和效度验证,结果表明该问卷能够反映过渡信号阶段行人过街选择行为的决策机理.同时,通过上述调查分析结果表明,心理因素中行人的态度对行人过街行为影响最大.用Pearson x2 检验法,分析了影响行人选择行为的因素,并建立了二元Logit模型预测行人在过渡信号期间的过街行为.     

考虑时间价值的路内停车巡航行为建模

停车者在到达目的地后可能以低速寻找路内停车位,这种巡航行为不仅造成交通拥堵,还增加了能源消耗和环境负担.基于停车者停车选择行为,综合分析停车持续时间、停车后到达目的地的步行时间及停车费用等因素的关系,并且考虑时间价值的影响,建立了路内巡航停车行为模型.模型以停车选择过程的时间价值为基础,定量化描述停车价格对路内停车巡航行为的影响.结果显示,停车价格对调节巡航时间具有杠杆作用,非工作出行的巡航时间要长于工作出行.模型有助于解析影响巡航停车行为的关键决策变量,利用变量间的相关关系实现停车价格的优化调整,从而引导停车选择行为实现路内停车与路外停车的平衡.     

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针对传统驾驶决策模型难以体现驾驶员驾驶过程中对交通环境的感知、判断、决策、动作等环节存在不确定性和不一致性,提出了一种基于神经网络的驾驶行为动态集成学习算法——DNNIA.首先训练多个个体网络模拟驾驶行为,然后动态选择泛化误差E最小的个体网络进行集成,采用拉格朗日函数法求解最优集成权系数ωi,并引入agent联盟的思想,把联盟中的个体网络对应的神经元输出做加权平均后,取最大值作为输出.在标准数据集上验证了该算法的有效性,仿真实验中得到的驾驶员踩踏踏板的习惯行为仿真结果与实际采集的样本数据总体趋势基本吻合.     

基于MIDAS的大跨度连续刚构桥振动特性分析

自振频率是桥梁结构动力特性的模态参数,也是评价桥梁动力性能的重要依据．本文以某大跨度连续刚构为例,采用大型专业结构分析软件MIDAS建立该桥的有限元计算模型进行模态分析,得出相关模态参数,为桥梁检测等提供参考．     

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高速铁路是我国计划在未来重点发展的交通运输方式.本文运用模糊聚类模型,对京津城际高铁建成前后的旅客出行行为及选择偏好影响因素进行实证分析.分析结果表明,城际高铁能够通过提升城际间的旅客通行能力,释放和激发商务、探亲、旅游等多种活动需求,从而加深城际间的经济和情感互动联系.同时,研究还发现,“快”是高速铁路的标志性竞争力,高铁安全性能提升和服务改善应以保证速度为前提.本文实证研究充分证明,高速铁路是让个人、城市和国家发展多方受益的交通运输方式,在改善出行条件的同时也获得了比较满意的服务评价,值得重点推广.     

驾驶人个人特征对行车速度的影响

为分析驾驶人个人特征与行车速度之间的关系,采用个人属性调查和实车试验相结合的方法,获得80份驾驶人行车速度记录数据。按照驾驶人行车超速时间与总行车时间的比例,将驾驶人超速选择行为区间划分为4个小区间。运用非集计理论,将驾驶人的性别、年龄、性格、教育程度、驾龄等个人特征作为影响因素,并将4个小区间作为4个选择肢,建立了驾驶人个人特征对行车速度的影响度量模型,并结合弹性理论分析了各个影响因素的敏感度。分析结果表明:驾驶人的性别、年龄、教育程度、矫正视力、职业驾驶人和发生交通事故6个影响因素对应的弹性值均小于1.000,说明上述因素对速度选择行为缺乏弹性;在4个小区间上,驾驶人的驾龄对应的弹性值分别为6.287、3.211、3.438和2.450,性格对应的弹性值分别为1.249、1.045、2.033和3.672,说明性格和驾龄2个影响因素对行车速度选择行为富有弹性,影响显著。     

汶川百花大桥震害分析与抗震性能研究

以遭到严重震害的汶川百花大桥为研究对象,从抗震设计的角度出发,用反应谱法和时程法进行了第一级设防水准（E1）地震作用下的弹性分析,用非线性时程法进行了第二级设防水准（E2）地震作用下的弹塑性分析,并综合分析了该桥的震害原因和抗震性能,为同类桥梁的设计提供参考和借鉴．分析结果表明：双柱式柔性墩的采用导致该桥整体刚度较小;桥墩纵筋和箍筋的配置不足导致了E1地震下的承载力不足,而E2地震下的塑性变形是满足要求的;固定墩处支座设置和系梁布置的不合理导致了固定墩左墩柱受到严重破坏;第五和第六联之间刚度差别较大而牛腿（悬臂支托）的支承长度过小,导致该牛腿处发生了落梁破坏．     

三向应力下典型岩石破坏预警及峰后特性

为探讨岩石在三向应力下的变形、破坏规律及其峰后本构模型,对不同围压下石灰岩和砂岩进行了三 轴压缩全过程试验,分析了2种典型岩石的变形、破坏规律和峰前、峰后承载能力与变形之间的关系,在此基础 上建立了岩石的本构模型.研究结果表明:石灰岩在低围压下易于发生失稳破坏,在高围压下较难发生失稳破 坏,围压的增大对岩爆有一定抑制作用;同种岩石峰值应力时对应的环向应变不随围压的改变而改变,近似为一 定值,可以将其作为岩石破坏的一个预警指标;石灰岩的剪胀效应发生在破坏后,而砂岩在轴向应力达到其峰值 的70%左右时就开始出现剪胀;岩石峰后应力与其承载能力相等,由侧向变形控制,随侧向变形增大逐渐衰减 至残余强度;基于本构模型的计算结果与三轴压缩试验结果吻合较好.